TNF Superfamily in Skin Appendage Development
May 2008
in “
Cytokine & growth factor reviews
”
Wnt FGF TGFβ Hedgehog pathways TNF family ectodysplasin Eda epithelial appendage morphogenesis Rank ligand lymphotoxins TNF mammary gland branching hair shaft formation hair follicle cycling cytokines Wnt pathway Fibroblast Growth Factor Transforming Growth Factor Beta Hedgehog signaling Tumor Necrosis Factor hair follicle development hair growth cycle
TLDR TNF family proteins are crucial for the development of skin features like hair, teeth, and mammary glands.
The development of skin appendages like hairs, teeth, and mammary glands was regulated by Wnt, FGF, TGFβ, and Hedgehog pathways. The TNF family ligand ectodysplasin (Eda) played a crucial role in epithelial appendage morphogenesis, from initiation to differentiation. Other TNF superfamily members, such as Rank ligand, lymphotoxins, and TNF, were recently linked to specific aspects of skin appendage biology, including mammary gland branching, hair shaft formation, and hair follicle cycling. This review highlighted novel discoveries of Eda and other TNF-related cytokines in skin appendage development since the 2003 review in Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews.
