Understanding the Secular Decline in Testosterone: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Clinical Perspectives

    January 2026 in “ International Journal of Molecular Sciences ”
    Óscar Fraile-Martínez, Miguel Ángel Fernández Ortega, Leonel Pekarek
    Studysummary This narrative review highlights that declining testosterone levels are a complex public health issue potentially influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors and environmental stressors, suggesting integrated strategies may be needed to address the trend's impacts on health.
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    Research cited in this study 8

    1. Male Sex Hormones, Aging, And Inflammation Biogerontology · 2023
    2. Hyperandrogenism in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Role of CYP Gene Variants: A Review Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics · 2019
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    5. On the Effects of Testosterone on Brain Behavioral Functions Frontiers in Neuroscience · 2015
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