TLDR Testosterone affects brain behavior in complex and varied ways.
The document reviewed the effects of testosterone on brain behavioral functions, focusing on anxiety, depression, spatial abilities, and memory. Testosterone was shown to reduce anxiety in both genders and its decline was linked to increased depression, especially in aging males. Testosterone supplementation had potential antidepressant effects, though results were inconsistent. In spatial abilities, testosterone's influence was curvilinear and sex-dependent, with benefits varying by level and sex. It generally improved spatial and verbal memory, but high doses or specific conditions could have negative impacts. The document highlighted the complexity of testosterone's role, influenced by dosage, sex, and other factors, and called for standardized research methods and larger studies to better understand its effects.
63 citations
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January 2010 in “Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience” 3α-androstanediol helps reduce age-related cognitive and mood declines in male rats, unlike testosterone.
182 citations
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June 2002 in “Journal of Neuroscience” Androgens can help prevent memory problems caused by apoE4.
5 citations
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January 2017 in “Endocrinology” Genetic defects in testosterone production can cause hormonal and developmental disorders, and more research is needed to understand androgen regulation and develop safer treatments.
159 citations
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July 2006 in “Endocrine Reviews” Estrogens significantly influence hair growth by interacting with receptors in hair follicles and may help regulate the hair growth cycle.
50 citations
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May 2004 in “Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft” Estrogens generally inhibit hair growth and improve skin quality, but their exact effects on hair follicles are complex and not fully understood.
24 citations
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January 2021 in “Physiological Research” Testosterone affects brain functions and contributes to sex differences, influencing conditions like autism.
658 citations
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June 2003 in “Endocrine reviews” Male hormones may play a role in the development of heart disease, and more research is needed to understand their effects.
