Physiopathology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Inflammation

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting 10-13% of women of reproductive age, characterized by symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, acne, hirsutism, and alopecia. The pathophysiology involves disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, elevated luteinizing hormone levels, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation. Key diagnostic markers include elevated anti-Müllerian hormone and androgen levels. The review highlights the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in 37% of PCOS patients and insulin resistance in 50-70%, leading to metabolic disturbances like dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risks. Chronic low-grade inflammation and elevated homocysteine levels are also implicated in PCOS pathogenesis. The document emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research and comprehensive management strategies to address these metabolic and inflammatory components.