Pathophysiology and Nutritional Approaches in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age, characterized by insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and inflammation. The review highlights that approximately 75% of individuals with PCOS have insulin resistance, which plays a key role in the development of the syndrome. Various nutritional approaches can improve PCOS symptoms. The Mediterranean diet, rich in unsaturated fats, fibers, low-glycemic index carbohydrates, antioxidants, and vitamins, is recommended due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The ketogenic diet has also shown positive effects on PCOS symptoms. Bariatric surgery has been effective in managing PCOS in obese patients. Nutraceutical supplementation, including inositol and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), has shown promise in managing PCOS symptoms. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have also shown potential in improving PCOS symptoms. However, more research is needed to determine the efficacy, duration, and doses of these therapies.