Remarks on the Evolution of Integumental Scale Armor

    January 2013
    Wieland Meyer, Maleewan Liumsiricharoen, Apinun Suprasert
    Studysummary This article discusses the structure and protective function of pangolin scales, emphasizing their composition of α-keratins and β-keratins, and highlights evolutionary keratin diversification in tetrapods; it reports no new empirical findings.
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    Research cited in this study 7

    1. Identification of Reptilian Genes Encoding Hair Keratin-Like Proteins Suggests a New Scenario for the Evolutionary Origin of Hair Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2008
    2. The Human Keratins: Biology And Pathology Histochemistry and Cell Biology · 2008
    3. Expression of Hair Keratins in the Adult Nail Unit: An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Onychogenesis in the Proximal Nail Fold, Matrix, and Nail Bed British Journal of Dermatology · 2004
    4. Keratin Expression in the Normal Nail Unit: Markers of Regional Differentiation British Journal of Dermatology · 2000
    5. A Novel Human Type II Cytokeratin, K6hf, Specifically Expressed in the Companion Layer of the Hair Follicle ˜The œjournal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology · 1998
    6. Cultured Nail Keratinocytes Express Hard Keratins Characteristic of Nail and Hair In Vivo Archives of dermatological research · 1992
    7. Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins ˜The œjournal of cell biology/˜The œJournal of cell biology · 1986

    Related research 1

    1. Recurrent Functional Divergence of Early Tetrapod Keratins in Amphibian Toe Pads and Mammalian Hair Biology Letters · 2013