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Glossary Total Internal Reflection

light reflects entirely within a medium at a critical angle

Total Internal Reflection (TIR) occurs when a light wave traveling through a medium with a higher refractive index (like water or glass) hits the boundary of a medium with a lower refractive index (like air) at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to be completely reflected back into the original medium rather than refracting through the boundary. This phenomenon is crucial in fiber optics, where it allows light to be efficiently transmitted over long distances with minimal loss.

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research Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Human Hair Fiber Structure

19 citations , May 2008 in “Applied spectroscopy”

This study found that human hair cuticle and cortex have different protein structures, with beta-sheet and disorder configurations in the cuticle and alpha-helical structures in the cortex.

research Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Analysis of Human Hair: Comparison of Hair from Breast Cancer Patients with Hair from Healthy Subjects

42 citations , January 2005 in “Applied spectroscopy”

In this study, hair samples from breast cancer patients showed increased β-sheet structures and lipid content, with spectral markers successfully identifying cancer in a blind test but also producing false positives.

research Light scattering from human hair fibers

161 citations , July 2003 in “ACM Transactions on Graphics”

In this study, a new shading model for hair was developed that better matches real-life light scattering, thanks to detailed new measurements of hair fiber scattering not predicted by existing models.

research Light scattering from human hair fibers

90 citations , July 2003

This study introduced a new hair shading model that more accurately simulates light scattering on hair fibers, capturing effects not predicted by previous models.

research Analysis of Lipids in the Medulla of Japanese Hair and Their Function

7 citations , April 2018 in “Cosmetics”

This study found that the medulla of Japanese hair contains unsaturated lipids such as squalene and oleic acid, which may contribute to hair glossiness.

research ecancermedicalscience

16 citations , December 2016 in “ecancermedicalscience”

This study suggests that ATR-FT-IR spectral analysis of hair fibres may detect breast cancer through increased lipid content changes linked to cancer presence.

A Phase 1 Study to Investigate the Effects of Cortexolone 17α-Propionate, Also Known as Clascoterone, on the QT Interval Using the Meal Effect to Demonstrate ECG Assay Sensitivity

research A Phase 1 Study to Investigate the Effects of Cortexolone 17α‐Propionate, Also Known as Clascoterone, on the QT Interval Using the Meal Effect to Demonstrate ECG Assay Sensitivity

2 citations , May 2021 in “Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development”

This phase 1 study reported that after administering supratherapeutic doses of cortexolone 17α‐propionate, a topical antiandrogen intended for hair loss treatment, there was no effect on the QTc interval, indicating no measurable cardiac safety concerns in the concentration range tested.

research Skin, a mirror reflecting diabetes mellitus: A longitudinal study in a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat

11 citations , January 2013 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism”

This study concluded that mucocutaneous symptoms can assist in diagnosing diabetes mellitus and its complications, highlighting the potential for dermatologists to detect related systemic issues early in patients.

research Human hair follicles operate an internal Cori cycle and modulate their growth via glycogen phosphorylase

30 citations , October 2021 in “Scientific Reports”

This study found that human scalp hair follicles can internally operate a Cori cycle, synthesize glycogen in the presence of lactate, and modulate growth through glycogen phosphorylase activity.

research A discourse on human hair fibers and reflections on the conservation of drug molecules

47 citations , June 1996 in “International Journal of Legal Medicine”

This article discusses how drug molecules integrate into hair fibers, focusing on biological transport mechanisms and physicochemical factors, but reports no new experimental findings.

Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis of the Performance of Basal Serum Hormone Profiles for the Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Epidemiological Studies

research Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the performance of basal serum hormone profiles for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in epidemiological studies

66 citations , November 2001 in “European journal of endocrinology”

This study suggests that decreased SHBG levels and increased FAI, free testosterone, and DHEAS concentrations are effective in diagnosing PCOS in epidemiological studies of women of reproductive age.

Incidence and Hemato-Biochemical Alterations in Dermatoses Associated with Hypothyroidism in Dogs

research Incidence and haemato-biochemical alterations in dermatoses associated with hypothyroidism in dogs

February 2026 in “International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research”

This study reports that dogs with dermatoses linked to hypothyroidism displayed a significant incidence of specific haematological and biochemical alterations, such as elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels and reduced thyroid hormones, compared to healthy dogs, with Labrador Retrievers showing the highest breed predisposition.

research The lack of significant changes in scalp hair follicle density with advancing age

33 citations , April 2005 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that age and follicular miniaturization were extremely weak predictors of total hair count in women with hair loss.

research Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism: Biochemical criteria

77 citations , June 2006 in “Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

This review discusses the importance of androgen production and metabolism in hyperandrogenism, the use of specific serum markers for diagnosis, and the need for improved assays for clinical testing, but reports no new results.

research Current management strategies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

39 citations , May 2004 in “Clinics in Dermatology”

This article reviews treatment options for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, including skin-directed therapies and aggressive treatments for advanced cases, but reports no new clinical results.

Construction of Regulatory Network for Alopecia Areata Progression and Identification of Immune Monitoring Genes Based on Multiple Machine-Learning Algorithms

research Construction of regulatory network for alopecia areata progression and identification of immune monitoring genes based on multiple machine-learning algorithms

3 citations , May 2023 in “Precision clinical medicine”

This study analyzed gene expression data to identify key genes involved in severe forms of alopecia areata, discovering four immune monitoring genes (LGR5, SHISA2, HOXC13, S100A3) with potential for early diagnosis and better understanding of the disease's biological mechanisms.

research Hair cortisol in polycystic ovary syndrome

2 citations , June 2022 in “Scientific reports”

This study found that women with PCOS had significantly higher hair cortisol concentrations, suggesting hyperactivation of the HPA axis may affect metabolic and inflammatory markers in those with elevated cortisol levels.

research Cutaneous signals of immune system disease

May 1991 in “Current problems in dermatology”

This article reviews the relationship between the skin and the immune system and discusses how skin manifestations can indicate immunodeficiencies but reports no new research findings.

research Effect of a low-starch/low-dairy diet on fat oxidation in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

14 citations , August 2014 in “Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism”

This study concluded that an 8-week low-starch/low-dairy diet increased fat oxidation in overweight and obese women with PCOS.

research Physical and mechanical properties of the hair shaft: A review of measurement techniques to verify the efficacy of cosmetic products

January 2024 in “Seven Editora eBooks”

This paper reviews various techniques for measuring the physical and mechanical properties of human hair fibers, emphasizing their importance in developing effective cosmetic products.

research Non-Invasive Techniques for Evaluating Alopecia Areata

June 2023 in “Mædica”

This review discusses various non-invasive methods for diagnosing alopecia areata, highlighting that trichoscopy signs like short vellus hairs and yellow dots are sensitive indicators of the condition, while advanced imaging techniques provide valuable information on hair follicle status and scalp inflammation.

research Effect of Exercise Interventions on Metabolic, Reproductive and Mental Health in Overweight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

January 2021 in “Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)”

This study concluded that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) offers superior benefits over standard moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in improving aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity, hormonal profiles, and anxiety scores in overweight women with PCOS.

research Transplantation immunology: Solid organ and bone marrow

139 citations , February 2010 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology”

This review outlines the advancements in organ and tissue transplantation since the discovery of the human MHC and reports no new clinical results.

research Advances in genetic and molecular understanding of Omenn syndrome - implications for the future

2 citations , May 2018 in “Expert opinion on orphan drugs”

This review discusses Omenn syndrome, a form of severe combined immunodeficiency, highlighting its immunopathology and genetic defects without presenting new clinical results.

research What′s new in cicatricial alopecia?

16 citations , January 2013 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology”

This review explores new theories, diagnostic tools, and management strategies for primary cicatricial alopecia but reports no new clinical findings.

research Diagnostic Modalities in Trichology - An Update

January 2015 in “Hair therapy & transplantation”

This review updates on various methods for hair and scalp examination, encompassing non-invasive, semi-invasive, and invasive techniques, and reports no new results.

research Internal structural changes in age‐related curved hair due to cyclical extension: An IR spectroscopy study

1 citations , January 2025 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

In this study, researchers identified a three-step process underlying age-related curved hair from cyclical extension: surface lipid transfer, specific disulfide bond cleavage, and unraveling of α-helices into β-structures, which may inform care strategies to manage hair curvature.

research Social rejection in minority groups and its impact on current and future mental health: a study in transgender people

1 citations , July 2025 in “BMC Psychology”

This study found that gaze duration in a social evaluation task was linked to mental health outcomes in trans men, trans women, and cisgender women more than six months later.

research Impact of Preoperative Hair Removal on Self-Esteem after Brain Tumor Surgery

September 2025 in “Asian Journal of Neurosurgery”

This study found that total head shaving during brain tumor surgery is significantly associated with lower postoperative self-esteem in patients, suggesting that minimizing shaving when possible could improve psychological recovery.

Serum Levels of VWF, t-PA, TNF-α, and ICAM-1 in Patients Receiving Hemocoagulase Combined with Platelet-Rich Plasma During Total Hip Replacement

research Serum Levels of VWF, t-PA, TNF-α, and ICAM-1 in Patients Receiving Hemocoagulase Combined with Platelet-Rich Plasma during Total Hip Replacement

2 citations , January 2022 in “Genetics Research”

This study found that using hemocoagulase combined with platelet-rich plasma during total hip replacement surgery led to reduced perioperative blood loss and improved early joint range of motion in osteoarthritis patients.