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Scientists have improved 3D models of human skin for research and medical uses, but still face challenges in perfectly replicating real skin.

Sensory neuron changes and Merkel-cell changes in the skin happen independently during normal skin maintenance.

Sensory neuron remodeling and Merkel-cell changes in the skin happen independently.

Sensory neuron remodeling and Merkel-cell changes happen independently during skin maintenance.

Sensory neuron and Merkel-cell changes in the skin happen independently during normal skin maintenance.

Sensory neuron and Merkel cell changes in the skin happen independently during normal skin maintenance.

Sensory neurons and Merkel cells remodel at different rates during normal skin maintenance.

Sensory neuron and Merkel cell changes in the skin happen independently during normal skin maintenance.

Testosterone replacement therapy helps manage deficiency and has various methods, but requires careful monitoring to avoid side effects.

Certain ESR1 gene variations may affect hormone levels and fat distribution in women with high male hormone levels.

New tools show that in fish, NPY increases feeding and somatostatin decreases it.

Acupuncture and moxibustion may help treat hair loss, but more research is needed.

Some lesser-known causes of PCOS include autoimmune issues, genetic mutations, and changes in the body's microbiome.

Diphenyl cresyl phosphate has low toxicity but can harm the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, and testicles at high doses.

Allopregnanolone can reduce gut inflammation and normalize neurotransmitter levels after finasteride withdrawal.

Male and female bodies respond differently to stress, influenced by hormones and development stages, with implications for stress-related diseases.

WNT10A mutations often cause ectodermal dysplasias, with males showing more tooth issues than females.

Hormone treatments in transsexual individuals reduce hair growth and oil production in male-to-females and increase them in female-to-males.

Tributyltin exposure causes sex changes, sterilization, and decline in the snail Ocinebrina aciculata, risking its extinction.

Men generally have more severe COVID-19 cases and higher death rates than women due to biological differences.

Male hormones like testosterone may make COVID-19 worse, and testing for sensitivity to these hormones could help predict how severe a patient's symptoms might be. Treatments that reduce these hormones are being explored.

Men, especially older ones with health issues like prostate cancer, may have worse COVID-19 outcomes and could benefit from therapies targeting male hormones.

Lower SHBG levels may increase the risk of PCOS.

Genetics and hormones play a role in male and female hair loss, but more research is needed to fully understand it.

Sex hormones, especially androgens, play a key role in causing acne.

Women with PCOS who have low SHBG are more likely to have low good cholesterol and metabolic syndrome.

Low-dose oral contraceptives reduced hair growth and testosterone levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Women may need different blood pressure guidelines than men for heart disease prevention.

The document concludes that future heart disease research should account for sex-specific differences to improve diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.