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Glossary Protein Kinase C

enzymes that regulate various cellular functions by phosphorylating proteins

Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in several cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). These enzymes are activated by signals such as increases in the concentration of calcium ions or diacylglycerol (DAG), and they function by phosphorylating various target proteins, thereby altering their activity. PKC is significant in many physiological and pathological processes, making it a key focus in research related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.

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research Protein kinase Cepsilon is linked to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha ectodomain shedding and the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase Cepsilon transgenic mice.

79 citations , October 2003 in “PubMed”

In this study, PKCepsilon transgenic mice showed increased TNFalpha shedding during skin tumor promotion, which may contribute to the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.

research Cyclosporin A Promotes Hair Epithelial Cell Proliferation and Modulates Protein Kinase C Expression and Translocation in Hair Epithelial Cells

45 citations , September 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that cyclosporin A stimulates growth in cultured murine hair epithelial cells and reduces protein kinase C expression, suggesting that these actions may contribute to its hair-growing effects.

research Several Selective Protein Kinase C Inhibitors Including Procyanidins Promote Hair Growth

32 citations , January 2000 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology”

In this study, procyanidin B-2 and C-1 were found to promote hair growth by selectively inhibiting protein kinase C, supporting their potential use for hair-growing activity.

research Protein Kinase C Epsilon Signals Ultraviolet Light‐induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Possibly Through Induction of Specific Cytokines in a Paracrine Mechanism^¶

3 citations , January 2005 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology”

This study found that overexpression of PKCɛ in mouse epidermis increased sensitivity to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that a PKCɛ-mediated microenvironment may promote cancer development through specific cytokines like TNFα.

Protein Kinase C Epsilon, Which Is Linked to Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Stimulates Rapid Turnover of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

research Protein Kinase Cε, Which Is Linked to Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Stimulates Rapid Turnover of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells

10 citations , January 2013 in “Journal of skin cancer”

In this study, PKC ε transgenic mice exposed to ultraviolet radiation showed increased hair follicle stem cell frequency and altered gene expression compared to wild-type mice, suggesting a potential role in skin cancer susceptibility.

research Protein Kinase Cε, which Sensitizes Skin to Sun's UV Radiation–Induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Associates with Stat3

76 citations , February 2007 in “Cancer Research”

This study reported that UVR induced PKCε phosphorylation of Stat3 in transgenic mice, suggesting a role in enhancing sensitivity to UVR-related skin cancer development.

research Protein Kinase C δ Overexpressing Transgenic Mice Are Resistant to Chemically but not to UV Radiation–Induced Development of Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Possible Link to Specific Cytokines and Cyclooxygenase-2

35 citations , January 2006 in “Cancer Research”

This study found that overexpressing PKCδ in transgenic mice did not reduce squamous cell carcinoma development induced by UV radiation, despite its effectiveness against TPA-promoted cancer in these mice.

research Protein Kinase C Epsilon Signals Ultraviolet Light-induced Cutaneous Damage and Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Possibly Through Induction of Specific Cytokines in a Paracrine Mechanism¶

28 citations , January 2005 in “Photochemistry and Photobiology”

This study found that overexpression of PKCepsilon in mouse epidermis was associated with increased susceptibility to metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, potentially through a mechanism involving tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

research Atypical Protein Kinase C Isoform, aPKCλ, Is Essential for Maintaining Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence

24 citations , June 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study observed that epidermal-specific deletion of aPKCλ in mice disrupts hair follicle stem cell quiescence, leading to altered hair follicle cycling and skin anomalies.

Genetic Alteration of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Subunit Expression Affects Calcium Currents and Beta-Endorphin Release in AtT-20 Clonal Pituitary Cells

research Genetic alteration of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase subunit expression affects calcium currents and beta-endorphin release in AtT-20 clonal pituitary cells.

August 1994 in “Molecular Endocrinology”

This study found that AtT-20 pituitary cells with higher cAMP-dependent kinase activity had larger calcium currents and significantly increased beta-endorphin release compared to cells with lower kinase activity.

research Inhibition of the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase C epsilon transgenic mice by alpha-difluoromethylornithine accompanied by marked hair follicle degeneration and hair loss.

26 citations , June 2003 in “PubMed”

In this study, severe hair loss occurred in PKC epsilon transgenic mice treated with DFMO during skin tumor prevention, highlighting a link between polyamine biosynthesis, hair follicle maintenance, and metastasis suppression.

Phosphatidic Acid Has Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

research Phosphatidic Acid Has a Potential to Promote Hair Growth In Vitro and In Vivo, and Activates Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase in Hair Epithelial Cells

46 citations , August 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that phosphatidic acid promotes hair growth by stimulating cell proliferation and protecting against apoptosis in murine hair epithelial cells, unlike lysophosphatidic acid, which showed limited effects.

research Establishment of an Efficient Primary Culture System for Human Hair Follicle Stem Cells Using the Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor Y-27632

16 citations , March 2021 in “Frontiers in cell and developmental biology”

This study established an efficient short-term culture system for human hair follicle stem cells using human fibronectin and ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, enhancing cell proliferation and stemness for potential applications in hair follicle tissue engineering.

Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

research Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

3 citations , July 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

This study found that the purified compound VB1 from Vitex negundo seeds may reduce UVA-induced skin aging by targeting MAPK1 and demonstrated its potential in mice.

research Mathematical Modeling and Inference of Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cell Signaling Pathways

3 citations , September 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review examines how mathematical modeling of the MAPK pathway, enhanced by single-cell proteomic data, improves understanding of regulatory mechanisms, predicts system behavior, and guides experimental research, emphasizing recent developments in modeling and inference.

research l-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate promotes elongation of hair shafts via the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 from dermal papilla cells through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

34 citations , March 2009 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

In this study, l-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate was found to stimulate hair follicle growth in vitro by promoting IGF-1 expression via the PI3K pathway.

research 1332 Janus kinase inhibitor increases hair growth by increasing beta-catenin activity in outer root sheath cells

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitors increase β-catenin activity in human hair follicle cells, suggesting an additional therapeutic mechanism for treating severe alopecia areata.

research AMP-activated Protein Kinase 활성체인 Metformin의 모발 성장에 미치는 영향

January 2019 in “대한피부과학회지”

This research found that metformin promoted hair growth in vitro by activating the AMPK/β-catenin signaling pathway in dermal papilla and outer root sheath cells.

The G-Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Orchestrates Hair Follicle Homeostasis

research The G-Protein Couple Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Orchestrates Hair Follicle Homeostasis

April 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

In a keratinocyte-specific knockout mouse model, this study found that deleting GRK2 disrupted hair follicle homeostasis, causing cyst-like structures, abnormal growth patterns, and eventual hair loss, suggesting potential links to immune-mediated alopecias.

research Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Inhibits Hair Follicle Anagen Induction by Restricting Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cell Activation and Expansion

176 citations , September 2006 in “Stem Cells”

This study found that active BMP signaling prevents epithelial stem cell activation and expansion in hair follicles, while its inhibition leads to HF stem/progenitor cell overproduction and matricomas.

research Forsythiaside A Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Regulates Oxidative Stress via Nrf2 Signaling

7 citations , December 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study demonstrated that Forsythiaside A protected against oxidative stress in both cell models and a mouse model of liver damage, suggesting its potential as a liver-protective agent.

research Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Mediates Ebastine-Induced Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation

4 citations , February 2019 in “BioMed Research International”

In this study, ebastine significantly increased the proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells and may contribute to hair regrowth by activating the ERK signaling pathway.

Cell Surface Receptor Kinase FERONIA Linked to Nutrient Sensor TORC Signaling Controls Root Hair Growth at Low Temperature Linked to Low Nitrate in Arabidopsis Thaliana

research Cell surface receptor kinase FERONIA linked to nutrient sensor TORC signaling controls root hair growth at low temperature linked to low nitrate inArabidopsis thaliana

2 citations , January 2022 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study found that low temperatures and nitrogen deficiency trigger root hair elongation through a molecular mechanism involving the receptor kinase FERONIA and the TOR Complex 1.

Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 in a Growth- and Stress-Dependent Fashion

research Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 (RSK1) in a Growth- and Stress-dependent Fashion

30 citations , December 2011 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study found that serine 44 in the N-terminal head domain of keratin 17 is phosphorylated in response to various stimuli affecting skin keratinocyte growth, linking K17 up-regulation with growth and stress responses in skin epithelium.

research Involvement of Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling Pathway in Proliferation of Urethral Plate Fibroblasts in Finasteride-Induced Rat Hypospadias

10 citations , December 2018 in “Medical Science Monitor”

This study suggests that the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cycling in rat urethral plate fibroblasts affected by finasteride-induced hypospadias.

Methanol Extract of Peach Kernel Induces Human Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation via the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathway

research Methanol Extract of Peach Kernel Induces Human Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation via the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathway

January 2024 in “Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences”

In this laboratory study, researchers found that a methanol extract of peach kernel improved the growth and viability of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells, suggesting its potential efficacy for hair growth and care through cell proliferation and signaling pathways activation.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Promotes the Growth of Mink Hair Follicles Through Sonic Hedgehog and Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathways

research Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Promotes the Growth of Mink Hair Follicles Through Sonic Hedgehog and Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathways

14 citations , June 2018 in “Frontiers in pharmacology”

In this study, EGCG from green tea promoted mink hair follicle growth and cell proliferation at specific concentrations, potentially through activation of Shh and AKT signaling pathways.

research Phospholipase C 1 is required for skin stem cell lineage commitment

101 citations , June 2003 in “The EMBO Journal”

Phospholipase Cδ1 is crucial for normal skin and hair development.

research Self-organization process in newborn skin organoid formation inspires strategy to restore hair regeneration of adult cells

92 citations , August 2017 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

This study found that newborn mouse skin organoids can robustly grow hair in vivo, while adult organoids require specific interventions to restore their hair-forming ability.

research Keratin K15 as a Biomarker of Epidermal Stem Cells

85 citations , September 2013 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review evaluates existing research on Keratin 15 to assess its validity as a marker for epidermal stem cells, reporting no new results.