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This study found that scanning electron microscopy revealed significant hair shaft changes in women using straighteners, but not in those using hair dye, suggesting its utility in assessing chemical treatment effects on hair.

This study observed that combining hair dyeing with sodium hydroxide relaxers drastically increased protein loss in Caucasian virgin dark brown hair, while ammonium thioglycolate or guanidine hydroxide relaxers caused less damage.

This study verified that a new straightening process involving a flat iron, ammonium thioglycolate, and hydrogen peroxide may permanently straighten wavy hair by eliminating disulfide bond distortions.

Hair straightening methods have advanced to improve effectiveness and reduce damage, but still rely on heat and chemicals.

This study found that adding certain conditioning agents, including jojoba oil and lauryl PEG/PPG‐18/18 methicone, to ammonium thioglycolate straightening emulsions protected Afro-ethnic hair from protein loss and improved resistance to breakage.

In this case report, a young woman experienced acute kidney injury linked to the use of a hair straightening product containing glyoxylic acid, suggesting dermal absorption may lead to calcium oxalate nephropathy; this highlights the need for regulatory review and public health intervention.

This study found that glyoxylic acid caused more protein loss in hair compared to traditional alkaline straighteners, though both types of treatments showed comparable effects on hair tensile strength.

This study found that using a bicomponent reduction system with TGA and DTDG for hair straightening limited hair damage by forming only thiol groups, while a TGA-only system formed more damaging mixed disulfide groups.

This chapter reviews hair anatomy, hair shaft structure, and various cosmetic treatments that can alter or damage hair, but it presents no new research findings.

This study found that excessive heat caused the most significant structural changes in hair from Caucasian and Afro samples, especially when combined with other treatments like bleaching and straightening.

This study found that thermal hair-straightening devices significantly damaged the cuticle and cortex of virgin Asian and Caucasian hair, with Asian hair experiencing more protein loss than Caucasian hair.

This study found that bleaching, dyeing, and UVA/Vis radiation caused significant cuticle damage and protein loss in both Caucasian and Afro-ethnic hair, highlighting the aggressive nature of these treatments.

In this study, chemical treatments during permanent hair straightening were found to randomize proteins in the cortex, aiding in the reconnection of disulfide bonds during oxidation.

This study found that the acidic hair straightening formulation at pH 1.0 improved hair alignments and straightening effectiveness more than pH 2.0, but it weakened fiber strength and affected hair color and composition.

In this study, BECD-treated wavy hair showed reduced undulation and improved straightening after drying, as BECD enhanced the contraction and rearrangement of molecular chains in non-keratin proteins, unlike untreated hair, which retained its wavy structure.

This study found that the use of high pH chemical agents for hair straightening can cause significant damage to hair, including protein degradation and weakened fiber strength, and may lead to permanent scalp conditions like contact dermatitis and cicatricial alopecia.

This study found that treating hair with ATS, formed from fumaric acid and cysteamine, effectively improved hair quality by increasing moisture content and altering the internal structure of strong curls.

This review discusses the limitations of current hair classification systems and highlights the need for standardized reporting of key hair characteristics to improve study comparisons; it reports no new results.

This study found that massaging hair treatments into hair improved the treatment's effectiveness by reducing hair waviness and enhancing shape cohesion.

In this study, researchers reported that the application of refolded human K31 keratin protein significantly improved diameter, mechanical strength, and smoothness of chemically damaged hair after a single treatment.

This study found that a peptide treatment using Protein disulphide isomerase improved the mechanical and thermal properties of over-bleached hair by promoting deeper peptide penetration and attachment.

This study found that chemical hair straightening significantly reduced hair curl and improved smoothness and shine, but did not significantly affect transverse fissures or split ends, indicating potential benefits with some side effects.

This study reported that albino Wistar rats exposed to chemical hair straighteners showed significant hair fiber damage and scalp skin deterioration, which worsened with repeated and prolonged application, highlighting the cytotoxic potential of these products and potential systemic risks.

This study found that a single application of 'Lye' or 'No-Lye' chemical straighteners significantly reduced drug concentrations in hair samples from both drug-fortified standards and authentic drug users.

This article reviews the current practices and interpretations of research data on permanent waving and hair straightening, but does not present any new research findings.

This review examines the science and technology behind temporary and permanent hair straightening, discussing the processes, potential advancements, and considerations for reducing adverse effects, but does not report new research findings.

In this study, researchers found that a protein-enriched cream made from Spirulina platensis improved the physical structure of natural hair, as evidenced by more intact and smoother cuticles compared to a control cream without protein, suggesting its potential for hair care applications.

This study investigated various proteins as eco-friendly hair perming agents for Asian hair and found that bovine serum albumin and keratin achieved perming results comparable to commercial products, while also increasing hair moisture, indicating a protective effect during heat styling.

This review discusses hair straightening techniques, products, and safety risks, providing guidance for dermatologists to advise patients effectively; it reports no new clinical results.

In this study, tresses treated with pH 1.0 acid straightener showed better straightening but more damage to hair properties compared to those treated with pH 2.0.