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    Glossary Programmed Cell Death Protein 1

    regulates immune response by inhibiting T cell activity

    Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) is a protein found on the surface of immune cells, such as T cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating the immune system by preventing overactivation, which can lead to autoimmune diseases. PD-1 achieves this by binding to its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are often expressed on cancer cells, thereby inhibiting the immune response against these cells. This mechanism is a target for cancer immunotherapy, where blocking PD-1 can enhance the body's ability to fight cancer.

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    1. Anti-programmed cell death protein 1-induced lichenoid changes of the nail unit: Histopathologic description JAAD Case Reports · 2021 · 12 citations
    2. Persistently curly hair phenotype with the use of nivolumab for squamous cell lung cancer Journal of oncology pharmacy practice · 2016 · 19 citations
    3. Differences in cell subsets between sun-exposed and unexposed skin: preliminary single-cell sequencing and biological analysis from a single case Frontiers in Medicine · 2024 · 3 citations
    4. Expression patterns of programmed cell death 4 protein in normal human skin and some representative skin lesions Experimental Dermatology · 2007 · 37 citations
    5. Psoriasis is characterized by deficient negative immune regulation compared to transient delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions F1000Research · 2015 · 15 citations
    6. The effect of inflammatory cytokines on the risk of hypertrophic scar: A Mendelian Randomization Study Research Square (Research Square) · 2024
    7. Apoptosis and cutaneous biology Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology · 1997 · 60 citations
    8. BMP signaling in the control of skin development and hair follicle growth Differentiation · 2004 · 165 citations
    9. Connarus semidecandrus Jack Exerts Anti-Alopecia Effects by Targeting 5α-Reductase Activity and an Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway Molecules · 2022 · 2 citations
    10. Controlling Hair Loss by Regulating Apoptosis in Hair Follicles: A Comprehensive Overview Biomolecules · 2023 · 1 citations
    11. Cornification 2018
    12. Autophagy-Mediated Cellular Remodeling during Terminal Differentiation of Keratinocytes in the Epidermis and Skin Appendages Cells · 2024 · 7 citations
    13. PBX1 Attenuates Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Senescence and Apoptosis by Alleviating Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated DNA Damage Instead of Enhancing DNA Damage Repair Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · 2021 · 9 citations
    14. Induction of ferroptosis by natural products in non-small cell lung cancer: a comprehensive systematic review Frontiers in Pharmacology · 2024 · 6 citations
    15. Caffeine Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Auditory Hair Cells via the SGK1/HIF-1α Pathway Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · 2021 · 5 citations
    16. Cell death by cornification Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research · 2013 · 375 citations
    17. Alopecia and hair repigmentation associated with anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy JAAD Case Reports · 2024 · 2 citations
    18. Cell Density-Dependent Upregulation of PDCD4 in Keratinocytes and Its Implications for Epidermal Homeostasis and Repair International Journal of Molecular Sciences · 2015 · 10 citations
    19. Particulate matter exposure induces maternal scalp hair loss after birth in C57/B6 mouse via alteration of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2026
    20. The functions of ocu-miR-205 in regulating hair follicle development in Rex rabbits 2020 · 3 citations
    21. Ex vivo detection of SARS CoV 2 spike protein in human hair follicles and potential link to telogen effluvium Scientific Reports · 2025
    22. Age-induced hair greying - the multiple effects of oxidative stress International Journal of Cosmetic Science · 2013 · 67 citations
    23. Effect of 5α-Dihydrotestosterone and Testosterone on Apoptosis in Human Dermal Papilla Cells Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · 2006 · 58 citations
    24. Apoptosis in Hair and Skin: A Review Journal of skin and stem cell · 2019 · 2 citations
    25. Apoptosis in human skin development: Morphogenesis, periderm, and stem cells Developmental dynamics · 1994 · 253 citations
    26. A single-cell transcriptomic atlas elucidates the hair cycle and apoptosis mechanisms in goat hair follicles Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · 2025
    27. Skin melanocytes: biology and development Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii · 2013 · 401 citations
    28. Making the head: Caspases in life and death Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · 2023 · 7 citations
    29. The relationship between keratin 18 and epithelial-derived tumors: as a diagnostic marker, prognostic marker, and its role in tumorigenesis Frontiers in Oncology · 2024
    30. From Hair to Colon: Hair Follicle-Derived MSCs Alleviate Pyroptosis in DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Releasing Exosomes in a Paracrine Manner Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · 2022 · 1 citations