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Glossary Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

block enzymes that break down cyclic nucleotides

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (PDE Inhibitors or PDEIs) are a class of drugs that block the action of phosphodiesterase enzymes, which are responsible for breaking down cyclic nucleotides like cAMP and cGMP. By inhibiting these enzymes, PDE inhibitors can increase the levels of these cyclic nucleotides, leading to various therapeutic effects such as vasodilation, anti-inflammatory actions, and improved cardiac function. These drugs are used to treat conditions like erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and certain types of heart failure.

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The Effect of Cilostazol, a Phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) Inhibitor, on Human Hair Growth with Dual Promoting Mechanisms

research The effect of cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor, on human hair growth with the dual promoting mechanisms

21 citations , April 2018 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

This study found that topical cilostazol promotes hair growth, enhances hair follicle activities, and may serve as a potential treatment for alopecia.

research The effects of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor on hair follicle cell viability and hair growth

1 citations , January 2020 in “Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)”

This study found that a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor promoted hair growth in human dermal papilla cells and stimulated anagen induction in mice, suggesting potential as a treatment for alopecia.

research PD59-09 PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS COULD REVERSE THE PROLIFERATION OF BPH EPITHELIAL CELLS INDUCED BY CD8+ T CELLS IN LOW ANDROGEN CONDITION

April 2018 in “The Journal of Urology”

This study found that phosphodiesterase inhibitors may suppress the proliferation of benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cells by modulating CCL5 levels in low androgen conditions.

research Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Conditions

January 2018 in “Springer eBooks”

PDE inhibitors, especially PDE4 inhibitors like apremilast, are effective for certain inflammatory skin conditions but have side effects and can be costly.

Systematic Review of Newer Agents for the Management of Alopecia Areata in Adults: Janus Kinase Inhibitors, Biologics and Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors

research Systematic review of newer agents for the management of alopecia areata in adults: Janus kinase inhibitors, biologics and phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors

12 citations , December 2022 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This review suggests that oral Janus kinase inhibitors are a promising treatment for alopecia areata in adults, showing significant hair regrowth with fewer side effects than conventional treatments, while PDE-4 inhibitors and biologics show limited efficacy.

research Efficacy of the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, apremilast, in a patient with severe alopecia areata

10 citations , August 2019 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

This abstract provides no new clinical results; it discusses the role of surgery and interventional radiotherapy in treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

research Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and prostaglandin analogues in dermatology: A comprehensive review

9 citations , December 2020 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

This review found that oral and topical phosphodiesterase inhibitors and topical prostaglandin analogues are safe and effective treatments for various skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and alopecia.

research The use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of alopecia

3 citations , April 2019 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment”

This review discusses the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for alopecia, finding promising preliminary results with topical caffeine for androgenetic alopecia and telogen effluvium, but limited success in alopecia areata.

research Comment on ‘Androgenetic alopecia is associated with increased scalp hardness’: role of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

1 citations , April 2020 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

This letter to the editor comments on the association between androgenetic alopecia and increased scalp hardness, exploring the possible role of phosphodiesterase inhibitors but provides no new clinical results.

research 467 Novel selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors promote the adipogenic function of dermal fibroblasts: Implication to treat hair loss

April 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

New inhibitors may help treat hair loss by promoting fat cell growth in the skin.

research Phosphodiesterase inhibitors used in androgenic alopecia as a possible risk factor for testicular tumor

April 2023 in “Medicina Clínica (english Edition)”

In this study, a risk score was developed and validated to identify patients at high risk of clinical failure after femoropopliteal peripheral vascular intervention, aiming to guide the selection of patients who may benefit from paclitaxel-coated devices or alternative strategies.

research 570 Targeting phosphodiesterase 8A (PDE8A) to boost adipogenesis and hair regeneration

July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that inhibiting the enzyme PDE8A can promote adipocyte differentiation and enhance hair growth in an animal model of androgenetic alopecia, suggesting PDE8A as a potential therapeutic target for restoring dermal adipogenesis and hair cycling.

research Monovalent antibody-conjugated lipid-polymer nanohybrids for active targeting to desmoglein 3 of keratinocytes to attenuate psoriasiform inflammation

18 citations , January 2021 in “Theranostics”

This study found that actively targeted AN2728-loaded nanocarriers reduced inflammation and improved skin condition in a mouse model of psoriasiform inflammation compared to free drug and non-targeted nanoparticles.

research Evaluating the safety profile of α-1 blockers, 5α-reductase inhibitors, and PDE5I for BPH: a disproportionality analysis of real-world adverse events based on FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS)

March 2026 in “The Aging Male”

This retrospective pharmacovigilance study reviewed adverse event reports from 2004 to 2025 for drugs treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, identifying distinct safety signals for α1-blockers, 5ARIs, and PDE5I, including some potential new adverse events that require further investigation.

research Drug repurposing of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for neutrophilic acute respiratory distress syndrome and psoriasis

8 citations , July 2024 in “Journal of Advanced Research”

In this study, researchers report that CDK inhibitors like palbociclib and ribociclib, initially developed for cancer therapy, show potential in treating neutrophilic inflammation-related conditions such as ARDS and psoriasis, although their clinical repurposing requires further research on safety and dose adjustments.

research Evaluating the safety profile of α-1 blockers, 5α-reductase inhibitors, and PDE5I for BPH: a disproportionality analysis of real-world adverse events based on FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS)

March 2026 in “Figshare”

This study identified distinct and significant adverse event patterns across different drug classes used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, confirming known risks and suggesting novel safety signals for further investigation.

research Evaluating the safety profile of α-1 blockers, 5α-reductase inhibitors, and PDE5I for BPH: a disproportionality analysis of real-world adverse events based on FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS)

March 2026 in “Figshare”

This study analyzed the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and found distinct safety signals and adverse event patterns among α1-blockers, 5α-reductase inhibitors, and tadalafil used in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, emphasizing known risks and identifying potential new ones that require further study.

research 5-Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors and Combination Therapy

15 citations , July 2016 in “Urologic Clinics of North America”

This study found that combining 5-alpha reductase inhibitors with alpha-blockers provided the best symptomatic relief and reduced the risk of clinical progression for BPH, while PDE5 inhibitors could offset sexual side effects.

research FDA approves label addition for PDE-5 inhibitor

October 2013 in “Urology Times eNews”

The FDA approved using Cialis with Proscar for better treatment options.

Efficacy and Side Effects of Drugs Commonly Used for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Associated With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

research Efficacy and Side Effects of Drugs Commonly Used for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Associated With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

35 citations , May 2020 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology”

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, efficacy, and adverse reactions of drugs commonly used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia but reports no new clinical results.

research Medical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia

March 2024 in “Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine”

This review details contemporary medical management options for benign prostatic hyperplasia, highlighting the expanding role of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and beta-3 agonists, but reports no new clinical findings.

research Adverse effects of common medications on male fertility

77 citations , June 2015 in “Nature Reviews Urology”

This article reviews the effects of various medications on male fertility, noting that while commonly used drugs can mostly have reversible impacts, conclusive human evidence remains limited.

research Non-FDA-Approved Uses of Apremilast in Dermatology: A Review of Current Available literature

1 citations , September 2022 in “Nepal journal of dermatology, venereology & leprology”

This review examines the use of apremilast for non-FDA-approved dermatological conditions, noting varied efficacy but a favorable safety profile compared to conventional treatments.

research Approaching Erectile Dysfunction in Dermatology Patients

1 citations , July 2013 in “JAMA Dermatology”

This abstract is a website placeholder and reports no research findings or results; it contains navigation and policy information for JAMA Dermatology.

research Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late‐onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, and EAU recommendations

280 citations , May 2005 in “Andrology”

This document outlines recommendations from an international panel on testosterone therapy for aging men with late-onset hypogonadism, emphasizing the need for careful assessment and monitoring due to limited long-term safety data.

Alopecia Areata: Treatment Options and Efficacy

research Alopecia areata

182 citations , December 2017 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This article reviews current and emerging treatments for alopecia areata, including Janus kinase inhibitors, highlighting variability in clinical outcomes and the lack of sustained remission.

research Risks and side effects in the medical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia

26 citations , December 2023 in “Prostate International”

This review provides an overview of the risks and side effects associated with common medications used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, highlighting the importance for clinicians and patients to discuss these aspects for informed decision-making.

research Lack of efficacy of apremilast in 9 patients with severe alopecia areata

23 citations , September 2017 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

This article hypothesizes that apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, could be a targeted treatment for alopecia areata due to its ability to suppress interferon-gamma production, but reports no new clinical results.

$Apremilast Is Efficacious in Refractory Alopecia Areata$

research Apremilast is efficacious in refractory alopecia areata

9 citations , May 2019 in “Journal of dermatological treatment”

This article reviews characteristics and mental health impacts of alopecia areata but provides no new clinical findings; future research is encouraged.

research Pharmacological Approaches in Managing Symptomatic Relief of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Comprehensive Review

1 citations , December 2023 in “Curēus”

This literature review identified that phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, such as Tadalafil, are highly effective in improving lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, while the efficacy of saw palmetto remains inconsistent.