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Apremilast may help treat hair loss in alopecia areata.

This study found that topical cilostazol promotes hair growth, enhances hair follicle activities, and may serve as a potential treatment for alopecia.

This study found that a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor promoted hair growth in human dermal papilla cells and stimulated anagen induction in mice, suggesting potential as a treatment for alopecia.

This study found that tribuloside, a flavonoid from Tribulus terrestris L., enhances melanin production in human melanocytes, zebrafish, and human skin samples without causing toxicity, potentially through inhibiting PDE to increase cAMP levels and promote the melanin biosynthesis pathway.

PDE inhibitors, especially PDE4 inhibitors like apremilast, are effective for certain inflammatory skin conditions but have side effects and can be costly.

This study found that inhibiting the enzyme PDE8A can promote adipocyte differentiation and enhance hair growth in an animal model of androgenetic alopecia, suggesting PDE8A as a potential therapeutic target for restoring dermal adipogenesis and hair cycling.

This study identified distinct and significant adverse event patterns across different drug classes used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, confirming known risks and suggesting novel safety signals for further investigation.

This study analyzed the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and found distinct safety signals and adverse event patterns among α1-blockers, 5α-reductase inhibitors, and tadalafil used in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, emphasizing known risks and identifying potential new ones that require further study.

This retrospective pharmacovigilance study reviewed adverse event reports from 2004 to 2025 for drugs treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, identifying distinct safety signals for α1-blockers, 5ARIs, and PDE5I, including some potential new adverse events that require further investigation.

The FDA approved using Cialis with Proscar for better treatment options.

This study identified specific genetic variants as the cause of visual impairment and non-syndromic alopecia in two brothers, reinforcing the link between PDE6H variants and achromatopsia and LPAR6 variants and alopecia.

This study reviews the significant prevalence of organic etiologies, especially vascular causes, in erectile dysfunction among men under 40 and emphasizes thorough evaluation and consideration of treatment options like exercise and PDE-5 inhibitors.

This document outlines recommendations from an international panel on testosterone therapy for aging men with late-onset hypogonadism, emphasizing the need for careful assessment and monitoring due to limited long-term safety data.

This article reviews current and emerging treatments for alopecia areata, including Janus kinase inhibitors, highlighting variability in clinical outcomes and the lack of sustained remission.

This review explores animal models of alopecia areata, particularly focusing on the insights they've provided into the disease's immune mechanisms and potential treatment approaches, without reporting new experimental data.

This article reviews the effects of various medications on male fertility, noting that while commonly used drugs can mostly have reversible impacts, conclusive human evidence remains limited.

This review discusses recent advances and ongoing clinical trials in novel therapeutics for alopecia areata, despite the lack of current FDA-approved treatments for severe cases, and reports no new results.

Apremilast was not effective in treating moderate-to-severe alopecia areata.

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, efficacy, and adverse reactions of drugs commonly used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia but reports no new clinical results.

This study observed that apremilast treatment improved skin lesions and reduced pruritus in patients with chronic, severe atopic dermatitis and one case of hand and foot dermatitis.

This review discusses immune pathways involved in alopecia areata and explores emerging, more targeted therapeutic strategies, noting their potential for better safety and effectiveness compared to traditional immune suppressants.

This review provides an overview of the risks and side effects associated with common medications used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, highlighting the importance for clinicians and patients to discuss these aspects for informed decision-making.

This article hypothesizes that apremilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, could be a targeted treatment for alopecia areata due to its ability to suppress interferon-gamma production, but reports no new clinical results.

This study found that the L457(3.43)R mutation in the human luteinizing hormone receptor increases phosphodiesterase activity, reducing hormonal response despite elevated basal cAMP levels.

This review discusses sexual dysfunction as a side effect of α-blockers and 5-ARIs for BPH/LUTS, highlighting methodological flaws in existing studies and the need for more rigorous research.

This study found that combining 5-alpha reductase inhibitors with alpha-blockers provided the best symptomatic relief and reduced the risk of clinical progression for BPH, while PDE5 inhibitors could offset sexual side effects.

This review discusses recent developments in α1-adrenoceptor antagonists and 5α-reductase inhibitors for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, reporting no new clinical results while identifying potential areas for future drug development.

In this study, researchers observed that the absence of the vitamin D receptor or its ligand-activated transcription in mice did not affect glucose homeostasis or gene expression in islets.

This review suggests that oral Janus kinase inhibitors are a promising treatment for alopecia areata in adults, showing significant hair regrowth with fewer side effects than conventional treatments, while PDE-4 inhibitors and biologics show limited efficacy.

This review found that oral and topical phosphodiesterase inhibitors and topical prostaglandin analogues are safe and effective treatments for various skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and alopecia.