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This review describes how recent discoveries in genetic defects and alternative pathways in androgen biosynthesis are reshaping our understanding of male sexual differentiation, but it presents no new clinical findings.

This review discusses the pathways of androgen biosynthesis and reports no new findings, highlighting the need to understand the interplay between the classic and backdoor pathways.

This study suggests that androstendione and DHEA are useful indicators for diagnosing hyperandrogenemia in hirsute women, while DHEAS was not found to be helpful.

This study found that supplementing soybean oil significantly increased the production of the cyclosporine A derivative [(4'-OH)MeLeu]4-CsA by 55.6%, offering potential enhancements for its clinical application.

This article reviews the clinical and biochemical features of genetic mutations affecting dihydrotestosterone production and their potential role in male pseudo-hermaphroditism, but presents no new clinical results.

This article discusses the ongoing care needs for individuals with 21-hydroxylase deficiency due to mutations in the CYP21A2 gene but does not present new clinical findings.

This review discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, but reports no new research results.

This review discusses 46,XY disorders of sex development caused by defects in androgen production and highlights the need for long-term care from experienced multidisciplinary teams, but it reports no new clinical findings.

This chapter reviews genetic defects in female sexual differentiation, focusing on 46,XX disorders of sex development and the impact of genetic factors and sex steroids on development, but reports no new clinical findings.

This article provides guidelines for molecular genetic testing of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, focusing on quality requirements, methodologies, and variant classification; it reports no new clinical results.

This review discusses clinical, hormonal, and genetic aspects of nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia and reports no new findings; the condition is highlighted as a potential cause of premature adrenarche and other symptoms in young people.

This review discusses the clinical features, genetics, and treatment of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, a common type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and reports no new research findings.

This article discusses the minimal research on hair growth physiology and highlights Dr. Masumi Inaba's contributions to understanding androgenetic alopecia, but reports no new experimental results.

This review discusses recent advancements in understanding and managing congenital adrenal hyperplasia, including improvements in screening, diagnostics, and potential genetic and cell-based treatments, but reports no new clinical findings.

This article discusses the challenges in diagnosing non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia and emphasizes personalized treatment approaches, reporting no new clinical results.

This review discusses potential treatments for androgen excess in polycystic ovary syndrome and reports no new findings, emphasizing the importance of individualized antiandrogenic management to minimize side effects.

In this study, the ChatGPT-5 model accurately answered 76.47% of questions on the Polish endocrinology specialty exam, surpassing the 60% passing threshold, yet its role in clinical decision-making remains uncertain, highlighting the need for further research.

This case report highlights that women with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia should be aware of the risk of having a child with classical CAH if their partner also carries a severe mutation.

In this review, the authors discuss various skin conditions linked to hyperandrogenism, such as acne and alopecia, with a focus on androgen-targeted therapies, suggesting these are generally more effective than non-androgen-targeted options.

This review identifies and discusses various endocrine-related causes of hypertension in children and adolescents, emphasizing the role of genetic predispositions and highlighting the need for systematic diagnostic guidelines and genetic sequencing referrals to improve diagnosis and treatment strategies.

This article reviews differential diagnosis approaches for 46,XY DSD, proposing a diagnostic algorithm focused on biochemical and genetic data, without presenting new clinical results.

This study suggests that the adrenal gland may contribute to prostate cancer treatment resistance and indicates potential steroid production or dependency in ovarian cancer.

This research found that androgen bioactivity plays a role in normal female sexual differentiation, suggesting females develop within a significant androgenic environment, with implications for understanding conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

This review discusses various forms of ichthyosis, including genetic and acquired types, detailing their characteristics, causes, and potential management strategies, but reports no new clinical results.

This review discusses the classifications, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for female pattern hair loss, but reports no clinical results.

This article provides a critical overview of recent discoveries in the genetics and molecular processes involved in androgenetic alopecia, focusing on its polygenic basis and DHT dependency, but reports no new clinical results.

Over 50% of women over 50 experience hair loss, with minoxidil being the only proven effective treatment.

This study constructed a panel of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic genes, revealing that current SNP chips insufficiently capture many drug-response gene variants, highlighting the need for complementary genetic approaches.

This review discusses the potential role of the dietary antioxidant index in reducing the risk of various diseases, including obesity-related conditions, certain cancers, osteoporosis, and mental illnesses, but calls for further studies to confirm these findings.

This book reviews the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, providing a comprehensive exploration but reports no new clinical results.