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Glossary Intermediate Filaments

structural proteins in cells providing mechanical support and stability

Intermediate filaments are a type of structural protein found within cells that help maintain their shape and integrity. They are part of the cytoskeleton, which also includes microtubules and actin filaments, and they provide mechanical support to cells, enabling them to withstand stress and strain.

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research Genes for intermediate filament proteins and the draft sequence of the human genome

287 citations , July 2001 in “Journal of Cell Science”

This study mapped 65 intermediate filament genes in the human genome, highlighting that the majority of keratin-related sequences are inactive pseudogenes, notably for keratins 8 and 18.

research Types I and II Keratin Intermediate Filaments

211 citations , April 2018 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology”

Keratins are crucial for cell structure, growth, and disease risk.

research Trichohyalin, an intermediate filament-associated protein of the hair follicle.

116 citations , April 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

This study reports that a 190,000 molecular weight protein, identified as trichohyalin, may play a matrix role in the development of inner root sheaths in hair follicles.

research Cyclic hair-loss and regrowth in transgenic mice overexpressing an intermediate filament gene.

93 citations , May 1990 in “The EMBO Journal”

Mice with extra sheep genes had hair that fell out and regrew in cycles.

research In Vitro Assembly and Structure of Trichocyte Keratin Intermediate Filaments

91 citations , December 2000 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

This study reports that expressed mouse type Ia and type IIa trichocyte keratins were successfully assembled into intermediate filaments in vitro, while also suggesting that disulfide bond cross linking enhances their stability.

research The Intermediate Filament Architecture as Determined by X-Ray Diffraction Modeling of Hard α-Keratin

66 citations , June 2004 in “Biophysical Journal”

Hard α-keratin in hair has a unique, nonordered structure, different from other fibers.

research Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and evolutionary conservation of the hair type II keratin intermediate filament gene family

65 citations , February 1992 in “Development”

This study characterizes a type II keratin intermediate filament gene family involved in early sheep follicle differentiation, detailing gene expression patterns and sequences in hair cortical cells.

research Cortical cell types and intermediate filament arrangements correlate with fiber curvature in Japanese human hair

62 citations , December 2008 in “Journal of structural biology”

This study found that in naturally curved human scalp hairs, distinct arrangements of cell types on either side of the hair fiber contribute to its curvature.

research Existence of trichohyalin-keratohyalin hybrid granules: Co-localization of two major intermediate filament-associated proteins in non-follicular epithelia

54 citations , November 1994 in “Differentiation”

This study found that trichohyalin is expressed in various normal and pathological epithelia beyond hair follicle cells, where it is uniquely associated with filaggrin, suggesting a specific role in aggregating K6/K16-containing intermediate filaments.

research Intermediate filaments: regulation of gene expression and assembly

50 citations , June 1993 in “European journal of biochemistry”

This article reviews the regulation of gene expression and assembly of intermediate filaments but presents no new findings.

research Regulation of a hair follicle keratin intermediate filament gene promoter

39 citations , December 1998 in “Journal of Cell Science”

This study found that the LEF-1 binding site acts as an enhancer element for the wool keratin intermediate filament gene promoter in hair follicle cortex, with specificity regulated by additional factors.

research The role of disulfide bond formation in the structural transition observed in the intermediate filaments of developing hair

39 citations , June 2012 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Disulfide bonds are crucial for hair structure during keratinization.

research Structural changes in the trichocyte intermediate filaments accompanying the transition from the reduced to the oxidized form

31 citations , February 2007 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Oxidation changes the structure of hair protein filaments, causing them to compact and rearrange.

research Regulation of hard α-keratin mechanics via control of intermediate filament hydration: matrix squeeze revisited

30 citations , November 2012 in “Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences”

This study found that the keratin matrix in mammalian hard α-keratins is crucial for maintaining stiffness in water by controlling intermediate filament hydration.

research Isolation of intermediate filament assemblies from human hair follicles.

28 citations , October 1985 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

This study identified two types of hard alpha-keratin filament assemblies in developing human hair follicles, which may help investigate the structural framework of mammalian keratin appendages.

research The Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE), Which Is Defective in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy Patients, Is Expressed in Human Epidermal and Follicular Keratinocytes and Associates With the Intermediate Filament Protein Cytokeratin 17

24 citations , February 2011 in “The American journal of pathology”

This study found that AIRE, a usually nuclear protein, is expressed in the cytoplasm of human epidermal and follicular keratinocytes and associates with the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin 17, potentially impacting ectodermal abnormalities in APECED syndrome.

research In vivo formation steps of the hard α-keratin intermediate filament along a hair follicle: Evidence for structural polymorphism

22 citations , January 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Hair follicles form hard α-keratin filaments in four steps, showing structural differences.

research Complete sequence of a hair-like intermediate filament type II keratin gene

15 citations , January 1993 in “DNA sequence”

This study sequenced a related gene to KRT2.9 called KRT2.13, which encodes a type II keratin protein not expressed in the hair follicle, and found significant sequence homology suggesting possible gene conversion or conservation of functional sequences.

research Three-dimensional modelling of interchain sequence similarities and differences in the coiled-coil segments of keratin intermediate filament heterodimers highlight features important in assembly

13 citations , November 2007 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Keratin heterodimers are preferred for their specific and structural advantages.

research Self-consistent field theory for the interactions between keratin intermediate filaments

12 citations , September 2013 in “BMC Biophysics”

This study developed a model showing that keratin elasticity in skin may be influenced by electrostatic and bridging interactions between keratin filaments, contingent on the balance of charges in the surrounding medium.

research Structure of intermediate filament assembly in hair deduced from hydration studies using small-angle neutron scattering

9 citations , April 2019 in “Journal of structural biology”

This study found that coconut oil impedes hair hydration more effectively than soybean oil by penetrating deeper, and suggested a new model for intermediate filament assembly in hair.

research From structural resilience to cell specification — Intermediate filaments as regulators of cell fate

9 citations , November 2020 in “The FASEB journal”

This review discusses the role of intermediate filaments in cell signaling and differentiation, emphasizing their impact on stem cell function, development, and disease, but reports no new clinical results.

research The Molecular Architecture for the Intermediate Filaments of Hardα-Keratin Based on the Superlattice Data Obtained from a Study of Mammals Using Synchrotron Fibre Diffraction

7 citations , January 2011 in “Biochemistry Research International”

This study confirms that the proposed universal model for hard α-keratin structure applies to all known forms across various mammalian species.

research Carbon-13 n.m.r. studies of keratin intermediate filament of human hair

5 citations , February 1998 in “Polymer”

Human hair keratin has a 40% α-helix structure that changes to a random coil in 8 M urea.

research A general mathematical model for the in vitro assembly dynamics of intermediate filament proteins

5 citations , February 2022 in “Biophysical journal”

This study developed a mathematical model indicating that the amino acid sequences of intermediate filament proteins, rather than flexibility differences, significantly impact assembly rates.

research Disulfide Cross-Linked Network Structure of Intermediate Filament and Matrix in Hair and Wool Cortices

4 citations , January 2015 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi”

This study proposed a network model for the cross-linked structure of keratin-associated proteins in hair and wool fibers, suggesting notable differences between the two, potentially affecting hair fiber elasticity.

research Direct evidence supporting the existence of a helical dislocation in protofilament packing in the intermediate filaments of oxidized trichocyte keratin

3 citations , September 2018 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Oxidized trichocyte keratin has a helical dislocation in its structure.

research The structure of human trichohyalin : potential multiple roles as a functional ef-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

2 citations , January 1993

This study found that human trichohyalin has a unique protein sequence potentially contributing to at least three important functions in hair follicle and epidermal cells.

research ‘Hard’ and ‘soft’ principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments

686 citations , February 2002 in “Current Opinion in Cell Biology”

Keratin filaments are crucial for cell structure and protection, with ongoing discoveries about their genes and functions.

research Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Trichocyte (Hard α-Keratin) Intermediate Filaments Reveals a Low-Density Core

48 citations , January 2002 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

This study reports that trichocyte intermediate filaments from rat vibrissae and human hair follicles may contain a hollow region at their core, suggesting unique structural properties.