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    Glossary Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

    regulates reproductive hormones through interactions between brain and gonads

    The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis is a complex set of interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males) that regulate reproductive function and hormone production. This system controls the release of hormones like GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), which are crucial for processes such as puberty, menstrual cycles, and sperm production.

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    1. Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019 · 197 citations
    2. Physiology of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis in the Male Urologic Clinics of North America · 2016 · 70 citations
    3. Age-related changes in endogenous glucocorticoids, gonadal steroids, endocannabinoids and their ratios in plasma and hair from the male C57BL/6 mice General and comparative endocrinology · 2020 · 11 citations
    4. Gonadal Sex Steroids: Production, Action and Interactions in Mammals InTech eBooks · 2012 · 2 citations
    5. Gonadal Function in Men with Cushing Syndrome 2013 · 1 citations
    6. Testosterone Is a Contraceptive and Should Not Be Used in Men Who Desire Fertility The World Journal of Men's Health · 2019 · 39 citations
    7. Normal Pubertal Development: Part I: The Endocrine Basis of Puberty Pediatrics in Review · 2011 · 37 citations
    8. Studies on changes in the concentration of serum adrenal androgens in pubertal twins European Journal of Endocrinology · 1980 · 30 citations
    9. Neuroendocrine Determinants of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2022 · 19 citations
    10. Exposure of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to finasteride, an inhibitor of 5-α reductase activity, impairs spermatogenesis and alters hypophyseal feedback mechanisms Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · 2009 · 18 citations
    11. Delayed Puberty Pediatrics in Review · 2010 · 15 citations
    12. Precocious Puberty Pediatrics in review · 2006 · 13 citations
    13. PCOS: Perspectives from a Pediatric Endocrinologist and a Pediatric Gynecologist Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · 2013 · 5 citations
    14. Are Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome at Increased Risk of Alzheimer Disease? Lessons from Insulin Resistance, Tryptophan and Gonadotropin Disturbances and Their Link with Amyloid-Beta Aggregation Biomolecules · 2024 · 4 citations
    15. Physiology of Testicular Function Andrology · 2023 · 4 citations
    16. Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome InTech eBooks · 2017 · 4 citations
    17. Androgenic modulation of arterial baroreceptor dysfunction and neuroinflammation in endotoxic male rats Brain Research · 2021 · 2 citations
    18. Sex Steroid Hormones - Impact on Reproductive Physiology IntechOpen eBooks · 2024 · 1 citations
    19. Microglia: sculptors of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like brain? Reproduction · 2023 · 1 citations
    20. Latest advances in oral hormonal male contraception: efficacy, mechanisms of action, and future perspectives Journal of Sexual and Mental Health · 2026
    21. Sex Steroid Hormones Directory of Open access Books (OAPEN Foundation) · 2025
    22. Corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptor antagonism associated with favorable outcomes of male reproductive health biochemical parameters Frontiers in Endocrinology · 2023
    23. Health consequences of anabolic steroids: a sexual-medicine perspective International Journal of Impotence Research · 2026
    24. COVID-19 pandemic: what about the gonads? Hormones · 2021 · 9 citations
    25. Inconsistent effects of surgical and chemical castration on arterial baroreceptor dysfunction and cardiac and brainstem inflammation in endotoxic rats The FASEB Journal · 2020
    26. Involvement of the central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in hair growth and melanogenesis among different mouse strains PLoS ONE · 2018 · 6 citations
    27. Central 5-alpha reduction of testosterone is required for testosterone's inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenal axis response to restraint stress in adult male rats Brain Research · 2013 · 51 citations
    28. Delayed Puberty Pediatrics in Review · 2010 · 21 citations
    29. Hair Cortisol: A Biomarker of Chronic Stress in Animals and its Association with Reproduction Animal Reproduction Update · 2023
    30. IMPACT OF MERCURY ON SEX HORMONES (LITERATURE REVIEW) Bulletin of Osh State University · 2024 · 1 citations