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Gene mutations can cause problems in male genital development.

Chlormadinone acetate is a strong, well-tolerated hormone used in birth control and hormone therapy with benefits for menstrual pain and skin conditions.

The length of CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene is linked to ovarian reserve but does not affect how the ovaries respond to stimulation.

Spironolactone treatment reduced hair growth and androgen levels in hirsute women, but the overall effectiveness was just adequate.

Doctors should recognize and treat PCOS early in primary care to manage symptoms and lower risk of other health issues.

Genes and epigenetic changes are important in the development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

The document concludes that breast pain should be managed with personalized treatment, starting with non-drug methods and progressing to medication if necessary, while considering side effects and patient needs.

Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.

Transgender treatment includes hormones and surgery, but long-term effects are unknown and counseling is needed.

Hirsutism in women often indicates health issues like polycystic ovarian syndrome and is treated with lifestyle changes, medication, and cosmetic measures.

GnRH analogues are effective for diagnosing and treating female androgen excess, offering a non-surgical option.

Microglia, the brain's immune cells, may contribute to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) by altering the female brain's structure and function, with kisspeptin neurons and GABA neurotransmitters also playing a role.

Oral contraceptives can help treat skin issues like acne and excess hair.

Diagnosing sex development disorders requires combining medical history, physical exams, imaging, lab tests, and genetic data.

Different drugs are used to manage breeding, prevent or end pregnancy, and treat reproductive issues in dogs and cats.

Testosterone replacement therapy can prevent men from fathering children and should not be used by those wanting to stay fertile.

Using anabolic-androgenic steroids can harm men's reproductive health and increase the risk of heart problems and death.

New treatments for male hypogonadism are easier to use and target specific tissues to reduce side effects.

The therapies improved ejaculation disorders and sexual function in middle-aged men.

A new gel helps grow mature eggs in a lab that can be fertilized and develop further.

The document covers various male health issues, their causes, treatments, and related conditions.

Pregnancy can cause skin pigmentation, stretch marks, and changes in hair, nails, and sweat glands, with most resolving after birth.

Oral contraceptives help treat hyperandrogenic disorders, improving symptoms like excessive hair and acne.

Antiandrogens, particularly flutamide and CPA, are most effective for treating hirsutism, with long-term use needed for best results.

Different anti-androgen medications can help treat excessive hair growth, but the right choice depends on accurate diagnosis.

In Japan, sex reassignment surgery for gender identity disorder faces challenges and needs better medical support and education.

Advancements in male reproductive medicine are ongoing, but more research and improved treatments are needed in several areas.

The L457(3.43)R mutation in the human lutropin receptor causes increased activity and hormone insensitivity, leading to precocious puberty.

Excess male hormones in postmenopausal women can cause health issues and increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes; treatment depends on the cause.

Low birthweight and rapid weight gain after birth may increase the risk of developing polycystic ovary syndrome.