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GlossaryAntigen-Presenting Cells

help activate T-cells by displaying foreign antigens

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) are a type of immune cell that helps the body recognize and fight off pathogens. They capture antigens (foreign substances) and present them on their surface to T-cells, which then initiate an immune response. Examples of APCs include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

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research Nanoparticle-Based Targeting of Vaccine Compounds to Skin Antigen-Presenting Cells by Hair Follicles and Their Transport in Mice

119 citations, December 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Nanoparticles can deliver vaccines through hair follicles, triggering immune responses and providing protection.

research Antigen Presenting Cells in the Skin of a Patient with Hair Loss and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

9 citations, September 2009 in “PubMed”

Antigen presenting cells around hair follicles are crucial in SLE-related hair loss.

research 40nm, But Not 750 or 1,500nm, Nanoparticles Enter Epidermal CD1a+ Cells After Transcutaneous Application on Human Skin

323 citations, April 2006 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Only 40 nm nanoparticles can enter skin cells effectively for potential vaccine delivery.

research Skin CD4+ Memory T Cells Exhibit Combined Cluster-Mediated Retention and Equilibration with the Circulation

155 citations, May 2016 in “Nature communications”

Memory T cells in the skin balance staying put and moving into the blood, clustering around hair follicles, and increasing in number after infection.

Why We Should Treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler Syndromes with Convalescent Plasma; Contained Suppressive Exosomes Are Likely COVID Antigen-Specific

research Why We Should Treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler Syndromes with Convalescent Plasma; Contained Suppressive Exosomes Are Likely COVID Antigen-Specific

January 2024 in “Authorea (Authorea)”

Convalescent Plasma Therapy may help treat COVID-19 Long-Hauler symptoms.

research Follicular Transport Route: Research Progress and Future Perspectives

211 citations, February 2009 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics”

Hair follicles help absorb and store topical compounds, aiding targeted drug delivery.

research Size-Dependent Penetration of Nanoemulsions into Epidermis and Hair Follicles: Implications for Transdermal Delivery and Immunization

96 citations, April 2017 in “Oncotarget”

Smaller nanoemulsions can penetrate skin and hair follicles better, which may be useful for delivering drugs and vaccines through the skin.

research Delivery and Targeting of Nanoparticles into Hair Follicles

94 citations, September 2014 in “Therapeutic Delivery”

Nanoparticles can improve skin treatments by better targeting hair follicles, but more research is needed for advancement.

research Immunology of the Human Nail Apparatus: The Nail Matrix Is a Site of Relative Immune Privilege

139 citations, October 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The nail matrix has a reduced immune response, protecting it from autoimmunity.

research Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Skin Diseases

24 citations, March 2018 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Treg dysfunction is linked to various autoimmune skin diseases, and understanding Treg properties is key for new treatments.

Autoantigen Screening in C3H/HeJ Mouse Model of Alopecia Areata Revealed High Antigenicity of Melanocyte-Associated Antigen Epitopes

research Autoantigen Screening in C3H/HeJ Mouse Model of Alopecia Areata Revealed High Antigenicity of Melanocyte-Associated Antigen Epitopes

1 citations, April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Melanocyte-associated antigens may play a key role in alopecia areata and could be targets for new treatments.

research The Immune Functions of Keratinocytes in Skin Wound Healing

147 citations, November 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Keratinocytes help heal skin wounds by interacting with immune cells and producing substances that kill pathogens.

research Cell Surface B2m-Free Human Leukocyte Antigen Monomers and Dimers: Are They Neo-HLA Class and Proto-HLA?

3 citations, July 2023 in “Biomolecules”

B2m-free HLA variants may be a new class of HLA important in immune responses and diseases.

research Developing Human Fetal Skin Demonstrates a Unique Lymphocyte Signature

1 citations, June 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Fetal skin has unique immune cells different from adult skin.

research Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Comprehensive Overview by the American Academy of Dermatology

58 citations, April 2012 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Graft-versus-host disease is a complication where donor immune cells attack the recipient's body, often affecting the skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract.

research High-Throughput T Cell Receptor Sequencing Identifies Clonally Expanded CD8+ T Cell Populations in Alopecia Areata

46 citations, October 2018 in “JCI insight”

CD8+ T cells are involved in alopecia areata and may cause disease relapse.

Generating Detailed Intercellular Communication Patterns in Psoriasis at the Single-Cell Level Using Social Networking, Pattern Recognition, and Manifold Learning Methods to Optimize Treatment Strategies

research Generating Detailed Intercellular Communication Patterns in Psoriasis at the Single-Cell Level Using Social Networking, Pattern Recognition, and Manifold Learning Methods to Optimize Treatment Strategies

January 2024 in “Aging”

New insights into cell communication in psoriasis suggest innovative drug treatments.

research The Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata in Rodent Models

23 citations, June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Alopecia Areata is an autoimmune disease affecting hair follicles, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, with rodent models being essential for research.

research Epidermal Keratinocyte Stem Cells: Their Maintenance and Regulation

25 citations, December 1992 in “Seminars in cell biology”

Skin stem cells are maintained by signals from nearby cells and vary in their ability to renew and mature.

research M-CSF-Stimulated CD11b+ Myeloid Cells Induce Alopecia Areata in C3H/HeJ Mice

December 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

M-CSF-stimulated myeloid cells can cause alopecia areata in mice.

research Regulatory T Cells: The Many Faces of Foxp3

125 citations, September 2019 in “Journal of Clinical Immunology”

Foxp3 is crucial for regulatory T cell function, and targeting these cells may help treat immune disorders.

research Human αβ and γδ T Cells in Skin Immunity and Disease

83 citations, June 2018 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Certain types of T cells are essential for healthy skin and play a role in skin diseases, but more research is needed to improve treatments.

Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with Platelet-Rich Plasma Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing by Modulating the Notch Pathway

research Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with Platelet-Rich Plasma Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing by Modulating the Notch Pathway

39 citations, July 2021 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

Using fat stem cells and blood cell-rich plasma together improves healing in diabetic wounds by affecting cell signaling.

research iNKT Cells Ameliorate Human Autoimmunity: Lessons from Alopecia Areata

27 citations, April 2018 in “Journal of autoimmunity”

iNKT cells can help prevent and treat alopecia areata by promoting hair regrowth.

MiR-140-5p in Small Extracellular Vesicles From Human Papilla Cells Stimulates Hair Growth by Promoting Proliferation of Outer Root Sheath and Hair Matrix Cells

research MiR-140-5p in Small Extracellular Vesicles From Human Papilla Cells Stimulates Hair Growth by Promoting Proliferation of Outer Root Sheath and Hair Matrix Cells

18 citations, December 2020 in “Frontiers in cell and developmental biology”

miR-140-5p in certain cell vesicles helps hair growth by boosting cell proliferation.

Ageratum Conyzoides L. Extract Inhibits 5α-Reductase Gene Expression and Prostaglandin D2 Release in Human Hair Dermal Papilla Cells and Improves Symptoms of Hair Loss in Healthy Males and Females in an Open Label Pilot Study

research Ageratum Conyzoides L. Extract Inhibits 5α-Reductase Gene Expression and Prostaglandin D2 Release in Human Hair Dermal Papilla Cells and Improves Symptoms of Hair Loss in Healthy Males and Females in an Open Label Pilot Study

January 2021 in “Journal of cosmetology & trichology”

Ageratum conyzoides L. extract may effectively and safely treat hair loss.

research Stem Cells in the Body

November 2017

Stem cells regenerate tissues and their behavior varies by environment, suggesting the hematopoietic system model may need revision.