52 citations
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December 2014 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” Apremilast may help treat hair loss in alopecia areata.
21 citations
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April 2018 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” This study found that topical cilostazol promotes hair growth, enhances hair follicle activities, and may serve as a potential treatment for alopecia.
1 citations
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January 2020 in “Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)” This study found that a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor promoted hair growth in human dermal papilla cells and stimulated anagen induction in mice, suggesting potential as a treatment for alopecia.
December 2023 in “Journal of ethnopharmacology” This study found that tribuloside, a flavonoid from Tribulus terrestris L., enhances melanin production in human melanocytes, zebrafish, and human skin samples without causing toxicity, potentially through inhibiting PDE to increase cAMP levels and promote the melanin biosynthesis pathway.
January 2018 in “Springer eBooks” PDE inhibitors, especially PDE4 inhibitors like apremilast, are effective for certain inflammatory skin conditions but have side effects and can be costly.