Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Wound Healing

The review discussed the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in enhancing skin wound healing across all four phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. EVs from sources like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and plants were shown to promote cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. MSC-derived EVs, particularly from umbilical cord, adipose tissue, and bone marrow, were effective in diabetic wound healing, influencing processes like coagulation and collagen synthesis through pathways such as PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin. Plant-derived EVs, though less studied, showed promise as cost-effective drug delivery systems with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The review highlighted the need for further research to fully understand EV mechanisms and suggested future development of smart hydrogels and multifunctional biomaterials to optimize EV delivery and wound healing outcomes.