Biomaterials for Dermal Substitutes

The document from 2016 reviews the development of biomaterials for dermal substitutes aimed at enhancing wound healing for significant skin defects. It emphasizes the need for these substitutes to replicate normal skin structure, support cell infiltration, and avoid inflammatory reactions. Collagen scaffolds, chitosan, silk fibroin, and nonbiological polymers are discussed as materials used in these substitutes, with their properties being adjustable through various production techniques. The document also explores methods to improve mechanical strength and biocompatibility, such as cryogelation and electrospinning, and the potential of bioprinting. It highlights the importance of including skin appendages and rapid vascularization in future research to create fully functional skin substitutes. Additionally, it notes the role of the lymphatic system, the need for proper reinnervation, and the significance of hair follicles and other skin glands. The use of growth factors and stem cells to enhance regenerative capacity is mentioned, with a call for more research into recruiting endogenous stem cells. Despite progress, the document concludes that a complete skin restoration biomaterial is not yet available, and emphasizes the necessity of clinical trials to validate the efficacy and safety of these therapies.