September 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” This study found that pregnancies with gestational diabetes in a Midwestern U.S. cohort demonstrated elevated androgen levels compared to healthy controls, suggesting a common relationship between impaired glucose tolerance and hyperandrogenemia across diverse ethnic backgrounds.
119 citations
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November 2009 in “Human Reproduction” This study found that women with polycystic ovary syndrome have a higher prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increased androgen bioavailability may be involved alongside metabolic factors.
August 2013 in “Fertility and Sterility” This study found that women with PCOS have higher follicular fluid levels of testosterone and IL-6, despite similar NEFA levels to non-PCOS women, suggesting increased lipotoxicity impact on androgenesis in PCOS.
7 citations
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August 2019 in “Endokrynologia Polska” This study reported that women with metabolic PCOS phenotype have free androgen index values approximately twice as high as those with the reproductive phenotype.
May 2025 in “Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research” This study analyzed the relationship between clinical and anthropometric factors with the free androgen index to better evaluate polycystic ovarian syndrome, but results are not reported in the abstract.