19 citations
,
March 2011 in “Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology” Some chemicals absorbed through the skin can cause serious health problems.
25 citations
,
June 1990 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study found that minoxidil absorption through the skin increased with longer contact times, reaching over 75% of the maximum absorption within four hours.
14 citations
,
March 2019 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” This study observed that proretinal nanoparticles delivered significantly higher concentrations of retinal to the stratum corneum and hair follicles compared to non-particulate forms, potentially improving topical retinoid therapy.
10 citations
,
July 2021 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics” This study reported that larger caffeine nanocrystals, at 694 nm, increased caffeine bioavailability via transfollicular penetration compared to smaller nanocrystals, especially in long-term serum concentration measurements.
December 2025 in “JEADV Clinical Practice” This review reports that innovative topical treatments for dermatologic conditions like acne and atopic dermatitis show minimal systemic absorption, indicating improved safety and tolerability compared to traditional therapies.