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This study evaluated enhancers to improve skin absorption of topical cetirizine for androgenic alopecia treatment and found eucalyptus and Tween 80 most effective, while propylene glycol had the weakest effect.

In this laboratory study, eucalyptus oil, menthol, and urea were found to enhance the skin permeability of minoxidil in rat skin by increasing flux and diffusion coefficients compared to untreated skin.

This study used advanced optical imaging techniques to investigate nanoparticle and dye penetration in human skin, finding that nanoparticles mainly resided in the stratum corneum and accumulated in skin folds and hair follicles, while highlighting that sunscreen-based nanoparticles appear unlikely to pose safety concerns.

This study developed and tested Bicalutamide-loaded lipid vesicles in dissolving microarray patches for topical application, finding that they effectively deliver Bicalutamide through murine skin while maintaining a favorable safety profile, suggesting potential to improve treatments for androgenetic alopecia.

This review discusses recent advances in skin penetration mechanisms, specifically focusing on the enhanced understanding of the follicular pathway and its implications for transdermal therapies, immune system targeting, and nanoparticle safety.