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This study suggests that chicken and alligator scales evolved independently through convergent evolution rather than sharing a common origin with avian feathers.

This study identified distinct gene expression programs in keratinocytes responsible for forming hard scales and soft interscale epidermis in chickens, revealing conserved differentiation genes similar to those in human skin.

In this study, researchers explored the molecular and cellular traits of avian reticulate scales, finding that they lack localized stem cell niches for regeneration, unlike other scale types, leading to repair but not regeneration after wounding.

This study reveals that β-catenin and retinoic acid are key regulators in the gene networks controlling the fate of skin appendages, such as scales and feathers.

This paper reviews the evolution of skin appendages and keratin-associated proteins among amniotes, proposing a model for their genetic divergence without new experimental results.