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The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.

Bird foot scales develop differently and can repair but not fully regenerate due to the lack of specialized stem cell areas.

Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.

The skin systems of jawed vertebrates evolved diverse appendages like hair and scales from a common structure over 420 million years ago.

Key genes can rewire networks, changing skin appendage types.

Feather growth and regeneration involve complex patterns, stem cells, and evolutionary insights.

A specific protein in chicken embryos links early skin layers to feather development.

The study concluded that changing the culture conditions can cause sika deer skin cells to switch from a flat to a 3D pattern, which is important for creating hair follicles.

Skin patterns form through molecular signals and genetic factors, affecting healing and dermatology.

Skin varies in thickness, color, and features due to complex genetic and cellular processes.

Transglutaminase activity is important for skin and is found in both mammals and birds.

Epidermal stem cells create and maintain skin structures like hair and nails through specific signaling pathways and vary by location and function.

Fasting in hens affects thyroid hormones, which regulate feather and hair growth.

Different ectodermal organs like hair and feathers regenerate differently, with specific stem cells and signals involved in their growth and response to the environment.

Sex hormones, especially estradiol, can change chicken feather shapes and colors.

Retinoic acid helps change skin cells and is important for skin development and hair growth.

The conclusion is that skin and hair patterns are formed by a mix of cell activities, molecular signals, and environmental factors.

Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.

The document concludes that various signaling pathways and genetic factors are crucial for chicken feather development, affecting poultry quality.