51 citations
,
July 2013 in “Brain Research” Testosterone needs to be converted to DHT to reduce stress response in male rats.
22 citations
,
January 2006 in “International Journal of Andrology” This study found that coadministration of 5α-reductase inhibitors with oral testosterone in oil significantly increases serum testosterone levels in medically castrated men compared to testosterone alone, with food intake minimally affecting these levels.
9 citations
,
August 2000 in “Journal of Periodontal Research” Finasteride reduces testosterone conversion, progesterone lessens this, and levamisole enhances finasteride's effect.
72 citations
,
October 1998 in “Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism” This article discusses the potential effects of exogenous testosterone, highlighting that its impact on prostate cancer progression, cardiovascular health, and behavior remains uncertain and needs further investigation.
41 citations
,
September 2010 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” In this study, hirsute women with normal or medically normalized testosterone levels experienced similar, though declining, hair reduction from both intense pulsed light and long-pulsed diode laser treatments over six months.
January 2024 in “Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes” In this study, a low-glycemic index anti-inflammatory diet led to decreased testosterone levels, increased sex hormone-binding globulin, and improved well-being in overweight and obese women with hyperandrogenism, suggesting that diet and lifestyle changes can positively influence clinical symptoms.
April 2024 in “JCEM case reports” In this case study, a 44-year-old woman with an adrenal adenoma secreting both cortisol and androgens developed Cushing syndrome and significant virilization, but experienced major symptom improvement following surgical removal of the benign tumor.
October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” In this case study, the authors observed that weight loss coupled with a brief use of oral contraceptives was associated with normalized testosterone levels in a woman with severe hyperandrogenism and PCOS.
62 citations
,
December 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” This study found that combining a GnRH agonist with a low-dose oral contraceptive was more effective in treating hirsutism than either agent alone and prevented hypoestrogenic side effects.
39 citations
,
September 2000 in “Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America” This article reviews evidence on hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and evaluates therapeutic responses to insulin-lowering agents, reporting no new clinical findings.
11 citations
,
February 2016 in “Current Medicinal Chemistry” This review discusses various targets for treating prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia and reports on recent studies of new compounds and 5α-reductase inhibitors, but provides no new experimental results.
10 citations
,
November 2017 in “Dermatologic Clinics” This review highlights men's cosmetic interests, focusing on maintaining a masculine appearance while managing scalp hair, facial lines, and other aging signs, but presents no new findings.
58 citations
,
June 2000 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” This study found that Atlantic croaker nuclear androgen receptors AR1 and AR2 have different binding affinities for androgens, suggesting that they may mediate distinct physiological actions in teleosts.
October 2019 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” This review focuses on the clinical presentation and management challenges of menopausal acne and reports no new experimental findings.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” This review found limited evidence on the effectiveness of different antiandrogens for feminization in transgender women, suggesting cyproterone acetate, leuprolide, and medroxyprogesterone acetate may better suppress testosterone than spironolactone or estradiol alone.
22 citations
,
June 2002 in “Journal of Medicinal Chemistry” This study found that several synthesized compounds were potent inhibitors of human steroid 5alpha-reductase type 2 and reduced prostate weights in treated rats, with compound 15 showing promise for potency in humans.
April 2025 in “The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist” This study highlights that hirsutism in women, most commonly caused by polycystic ovary syndrome, should be evaluated with tools like the Ferriman–Gallwey score and total testosterone measurements, and managed using methods like hair removal and combined oral contraceptives when fertility preservation is not a priority.
The document recommends a multidisciplinary approach and experience sharing to advance facial feminization surgery as a medical field.
4 citations
,
July 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)” This study provided the crystal structure of the human steroid 5α-reductase 2 enzyme and identified key molecular mechanisms for testosterone reduction and finasteride inhibition, aiding in understanding disease-causing mutations and potentially facilitating new drug development.
15 citations
,
December 2019 in “Aesthetic Surgery Journal” This study found that there is a low prevalence and wide variability in U.S. insurance coverage for ancillary gender surgeries, with specific criteria often required for favorable coverage.
1 citations
,
July 2022 in “Han'gug sigpum yeong'yang gwahag hoeji/Journal of the Korean society of food science and nutrition” In this study, ELE was found to protect against oxidative stress-induced testosterone reduction in TM3 Leydig cells by increasing testosterone synthesis and decreasing its conversion.
14 citations
,
April 2024 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” This study found that epitestosterone, a stereoisomer of testosterone, is metabolized to 5α-dihydroepitestosterone by human 5α-reductase enzymes, which enhances its androgenic activity and reduces its antagonistic effect on testosterone-driven androgen receptor signaling.
29 citations
,
May 1975 in “Clinical Endocrinology” In this study, treatments combining betamethasone and anovulatory steroids significantly reduced testosterone production in women with hirsutism, with many reporting improved hirsutism and acne, although clinical benefit did not consistently correlate with testosterone reduction.
23 citations
,
July 2015 in “The Journal of Membrane Biology” This study found that testosterone increased the expression of AQP-1, 5, and 7 in the uterus of rats, which may help explain the reduction in uterine fluid volume.
4 citations
,
August 2024 in “PLoS ONE” In this study, researchers reported that both progestin-only injectable contraceptives, DMPA-IM and NET-EN, significantly decreased serum testosterone and SHBG levels among HIV-negative women in South Africa, yet this did not explain prior findings of no reduction in risky sexual behavior or sexual function.
October 2015 in “Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo)” This study observed smaller reductions in PSA levels in men under 40 taking finasteride 1mg/day compared to older age groups, without changes in testosterone levels.
2 citations
,
August 2011 in “Revista Medica De Chile” This case report describes a woman with virilization syndrome who experienced a reduction in androgen levels and reversal of alopecia after removal of a Leydig cell tumor from her ovary.
4 citations
,
July 1983 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” In this study, hirsute women treated with cyproterone acetate and ethinyloestradiol experienced significant reductions in sebum secretion and hair growth after several months.
December 2022 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism” This study found that six months of combined estrogen-progestin pill therapy led to a significant reduction in serum AMH levels and improvement in hyperandrogenic symptoms among women with PCOS.
May 2022 in “Gastroenterology” This study suggests that supplemental testosterone therapy in men with hepatitis C virus may be associated with a modest reduction in hepatocellular carcinoma risk, challenging concerns about its potential to increase cancer risk.