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The document explains how the male reproductive system works, its role in making testosterone, and how conditions like obesity can disrupt it, leading to low testosterone and fertility issues.

Testosterone's effects on COVID-19 are unclear and need more research.

Hormone therapy with estradiol and spironolactone can regrow scalp hair in transgender women by lowering testosterone to female levels.

Testosterone therapy can help improve mood, sexual function, and bone health in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed to establish safe and effective guidelines.

Male rats have more somatostatin neurons than females due to testosterone converting to estrogen during early development.

Testosterone therapy for transmasculine individuals is generally safe with medical supervision, improves mental health, and has mixed effects on physical health.

Some antiandrogens may lower testosterone better than others, but it's unclear which is best for feminization in transgender women; more research is needed.

Male hormones may play a role in the development of heart disease, and more research is needed to understand their effects.

Male and female bodies respond differently to stress, influenced by hormones and development stages, with implications for stress-related diseases.

Hormone treatments for transgender individuals generally improve mental health and physical transition, with some health risks that require medical supervision.

Testosterone replacement can help women with low libido and mood, but they need to have enough estrogen first to avoid side effects.

Blocking DHT production more strongly may help control advanced prostate cancer and improve quality of life.

Cross-sex hormone therapy is important for managing gender dysphoria and requires careful monitoring and healthcare provider education.

The document concludes that non-operative treatment for gender dysphoria is safe and effective, and hormone therapy does not increase cancer risk.

Certain drugs, especially antiandrogens and spironolactone, significantly increase the risk of gynecomastia.

Androgen therapy might help some women with low libido, but it has risks and should be used carefully.

A 19-year-old male with delayed puberty was successfully treated for a condition that prevents normal hormone production.

Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism, a condition with symptoms like increased hair growth and acne, is usually caused by PCOS but can also be due to other factors. It's diagnosed by checking testosterone levels and treated either by removing the adrenal tumor or through antiandrogen therapy.

The guideline recommends mental health involvement in diagnosing gender identity disorder and outlines hormone and surgical treatment protocols, emphasizing safety, informed consent, and long-term monitoring.

Athletes use steroids to enhance performance despite health risks and legal issues, and education on their dangers is needed.

Androgen use may increase the risk of stroke, but more research is needed.

A new genetic change causing early stop in the androgen receptor gene was found in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome.

A 15-year-old girl with no menstrual period was diagnosed with a genetic condition that makes her body unable to respond to male hormones, leading to female characteristics despite having male genetic makeup.

Aromatase inhibitor therapy for breast cancer increases the risk of hair loss and thinning.

Male yak hair growth is influenced by DHT synthesis, which is promoted by 5α-red1 and AR during growth phases, while E2 may inhibit growth through ERα.

Finasteride treats enlarged prostate and hair loss, but may cause side effects in some patients.

Post-finasteride syndrome causes lasting sexual, neurological, and physical side effects in some people after taking finasteride.

Using anabolic androgenic steroids can cause serious, lasting health problems in many parts of the body.

An 81-year-old woman's severe male hormone symptoms were caused by an ovarian tumor, which was treated with surgery.

Finasteride for hair loss may cause lasting sexual, genitourinary, mental, and anti-androgenic side effects in young men.