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Glossary T cell receptor

recognizes and binds to specific antigens on infected cells

A T cell receptor (TCR) is a specialized molecule found on the surface of T cells, which are a type of white blood cell crucial for the immune system. TCRs recognize and bind to specific antigens presented by other cells, allowing T cells to identify and respond to infected or abnormal cells, such as those affected by viruses or cancer.

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research High-throughput T cell receptor sequencing identifies clonally expanded CD8+ T cell populations in alopecia areata

46 citations , October 2018 in “JCI insight”

In this study, the researchers found that treatment with the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib in alopecia areata patients may reduce clonal CD8+ T cell expansions but does not eliminate them entirely, which could contribute to disease relapse.

Alopecia Areata But Not Androgenetic Alopecia Is Characterized By A Restricted And Oligoclonal T-Cell Receptor-Repertoire Among Infiltrating Lymphocytes

research Alopecia areata but not androgenetic alopecia is characterized by a restricted and oligoclonal T-cell receptor-repertoire among infiltrating lymphocytes

19 citations , March 1997 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

This study observed that patients with alopecia areata often have a T-cell receptor repertoire in skin lesions that suggests a specific antigen-driven immune response may be important in the disease's pathogenesis.

research Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides with Skewed T-cell Receptor CDR3 Motif: Suggestive of Lipid-antigen Selection?

3 citations , January 2017 in “Acta Dermato Venereologica”

This study found that a specific T-cell receptor motif associated with lipid-antigen stimulation may play a role in the pathogenesis of folliculotropic mycosis fungoides.

research High throughput T cell receptor sequencing identifies clonally expanded CD8+ T cell populations in Alopecia Areata

1 citations , November 2018 in “immuneACCESS”

This study found that in alopecia areata, treatment with the oral JAK-inhibitor tofacitinib decreased clonally expanded CD8⁺ T cells in the scalp, but many expanded clones did not completely disappear, potentially leading to relapse after stopping treatment.

research The T-cell antigen receptor: paradigm recalled

October 1984 in “Immunology Today”

research Application and Challenges of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in Systemic Rheumatic Diseases and Autoimmune Disorders

March 2026 in “MedComm”

This review examines the potential of CAR-T cell therapy as a transformative treatment for refractory autoimmune diseases, highlighting its mechanisms, clinical challenges, and promising strategies for precision immunotherapy despite issues like complex manufacturing and antigen escape.

research 020 Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signalling promotes hair growth and inhibits perifollicular T-cell expansion and immune privilege collapse ex vivo

1 citations , October 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Morphologic and Histologic Comparison of Hypertrophic Scar in Nude Mice, T-Cell Receptor, and Recombination Activating Gene Knockout Mice

9 citations , November 2015 in “Plastic and reconstructive surgery/PSEF CD journals”

This study found that human skin grafted onto certain immunodeficient mice resulted in proliferative scars with characteristics similar to human hypertrophic scars, suggesting these models may better represent the condition's natural history.

Heterozygous FOXN1 Variants Cause Low TRECs and Severe T Cell Lymphopenia, Revealing a Crucial Role of FOXN1 in Supporting Early Thymopoiesis

research Heterozygous FOXN1 Variants Cause Low TRECs and Severe T Cell Lymphopenia, Revealing a Crucial Role of FOXN1 in Supporting Early Thymopoiesis

53 citations , August 2019 in “American journal of human genetics”

This study found that FOXN1 haploinsufficiency is a significant genetic factor causing T cell lymphopenia at birth, linked to reduced thymic function in both humans and mice.

research Single-cell analysis of temporal immune cell dynamics in alopecia areata reveals a causal role for clonally expanded CD8+ T cells in disease

4 citations , June 2025 in “Cell Reports”

In this study using the C3H/HeJ mouse model of alopecia areata, researchers found that hyperexpanded CD8⁺ T cell clones were sufficient to initiate disease, establishing a causal link between T cell clonality and pathogenicity.

Androgenetic Alopecia May Be Associated With Weaker COVID-19 T-Cell Immune Response: An Insight Into a Potential COVID-19 Vaccine Booster

research Androgenetic alopecia may be associated with weaker COVID-19 T-cell immune response: An insight into a potential COVID-19 vaccine booster

9 citations , November 2020 in “Medical Hypotheses”

Hair loss may link to weaker COVID-19 immunity, suggesting possible need for extra vaccine boost.

research 572 Development of immunotherapies targeting TCR-Vβ2 for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma

July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Targeting TCR-Vβ2 in cutaneous T cell lymphoma shows promise for safer, more specific treatment.

research CXCR3 Blockade Inhibits T Cell Migration into the Skin and Prevents Development of Alopecia Areata

64 citations , July 2016 in “Journal of Immunology”

In this study, blocking the CXCR3 receptor in mice prevented the development of alopecia areata by inhibiting the accumulation of specific T cells in the skin, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for humans.

TCL1 Transgenic Mouse Model as a Tool for the Study of Therapeutic Targets and Microenvironment in Human B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

research TCL1 transgenic mouse model as a tool for the study of therapeutic targets and microenvironment in human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

38 citations , January 2016 in “Cell Death and Disease”

This review discusses the role of the TCL1 transgenic mouse model in understanding chronic lymphocytic leukemia biology and highlights the importance of exploring new pathogenetic and therapeutic targets.

research BI02 (P97): Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy induces a distinct inflammatory hair follicle response that includes a collapse of immune privilege

July 2022 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors used in cancer treatment induce a distinct inflammatory response in hair follicles, marked by immune privilege collapse and upregulation of inflammatory pathways.

research 0975 Single-cell transcriptomic profiling reveals distinct immunopathogenic programs in alopecia totalis/universalis compared to patchy alopecia areata

July 2026 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Alopecia totalis/universalis involves more intense immune activity and inflammation than patchy alopecia areata.

TNC+ Fibroblasts Involved in Skin Inflammation via Neuro-Immune Interactions with T Cells

research TNC+ fibroblasts involve in skin inflammation via neuro-immune and interacting with T cells

September 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

This study found that TNC + fibroblasts are crucial in neuro-immune interactions in various skin diseases, particularly inflammation and tumors, by engaging extensively with immune cells and overexpressing inflammatory genes, suggesting their significant role in skin abnormalities.

research Folate receptor β performs an immune checkpoint function in activated macrophages

1 citations , September 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This study found that FRβ knockout mice exhibited autoimmune symptoms and slower tumor growth compared to wild type mice, suggesting that the FRβ receptor may play a role in regulating immune responses in tumors and autoimmune conditions.

research Exploration of Key Signals in Alopecia Areata by Cell-Cell Interaction Analysis

January 2025 in “International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences”

This study examined interactions between immune cells and dermal papilla cells in a patient with alopecia areata using single-cell RNA sequencing; it identified specific T cell subtypes and ligand-receptor pairs that may contribute to hair cycle disruption through inflammation.

research Altered expression of intracellular Toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with alopecia areata

12 citations , March 2016 in “BBA clinical”

This study found that intracellular Toll-like receptors were significantly up-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of alopecia areata patients, suggesting a potential role in inflammatory signaling and pathogenesis.

research TLR9 activation in large wound induces tissue repair and hair follicle regeneration via γδT cells

August 2024 in “Cell Death and Disease”

This study found that toll-like receptor 9 plays a previously unrecognized role in sensing skin injury and influencing tissue repair and regeneration in adult mice by modulating γδT cell migration.

research Follicular mycosis fungoides mimicking a cutaneous B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder

14 citations , July 2004 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

This case study describes a patient with rapidly progressing follicular mycosis fungoides, highlighting its unusual histology and challenges in diagnosing it against cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.

research Cell Population Dynamics in Wound-Induced Hair Follicle Neogenesis Model

July 2022 in “Life”

This study provides a detailed analysis of cell subpopulations in a mouse model of wound-induced hair follicle regeneration, revealing specific cellular dynamics and heterogeneity that may influence hair follicle neogenesis.

research Ku80 as a Novel Receptor for Thymosin β4 That Mediates Its Intracellular Activity Different from G-actin Sequestering

37 citations , November 2007 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study found that increased intracellular expression of thymosin β4 is necessary and sufficient to induce PAI-1 gene expression in endothelial cells, potentially mediated through Ku80 as a novel receptor.

research Epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated kinase inhibitor treatment induces a distinct inflammatory hair follicle response that includes collapse of immune privilege

4 citations , June 2024 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that treatment with EGFR inhibitors or mitogen-activated kinase inhibitors may compromise the immune privilege of human scalp hair follicles, suggesting new directions for managing drug-induced folliculitis.

research Scarring hair follicle destruction is driven by the collapse of EGFR-protected JAK-STAT1-sensitive stem cell immune privilege

October 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study demonstrated that disrupting EGFR signaling in mice leads to immune sensitivity compromising the hair follicle's protective environment, but JAK1/2 inhibition can restore this immune privilege and stimulate hair growth, suggesting a potential therapy for scarring hair loss diseases like cicatricial alopecia.

research 068 Pathogenic Th17 cells, CD8+CD69+CD49a- tissue-resident memory T cells and common γ chain receptor + natural killer cells express more IL-17, compared to IFN-γ, under the foxp3+ memory regulatory T cells-depleted microenvironment in patients with chronic alopecia areata

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This research explored the roles of various T cell types in chronic alopecia areata, finding that increased severity of lesions and hair loss may be linked to decreased lesional Foxp3+ Tregs, with a notable role for IL-17 and Th17 lymphocytes in the pathological process.