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GlossaryProtein kinases

enzymes that add phosphate groups to proteins

Protein kinases are enzymes that modify other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them, a process known as phosphorylation. This modification can change the activity, location, or function of the target protein, playing a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes such as growth, division, and signaling pathways.

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research A preliminary study of differentially expressed genes in expanded skin and normal skin: implications for adult skin regeneration

16 citations , February 2011 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

The study found that expanded skin regenerates similarly to normal skin, with 77 genes playing a role in the process.

research Vandetanib-associated alopecia areata in a patient with metastatic medullary thyroid cancer

1 citations , July 2014 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

A cancer patient developed a type of hair loss after starting a cancer drug called vandetanib.

research 742 Augmentation of HGF signaling: Potential for enhancing hair follicle neogenesis and development in bioengineered skin

May 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Boosting HGF signaling could improve the creation of hair follicles in lab-made skin.

research ENZYMES

1 citations , November 2011 in “British journal of pharmacology”

Enzymes are classified into six types and are essential for many biological processes, with only a few targeted by drugs.

research cis-Element- and Transcriptome-Based Screening of Root Hair-Specific Genes and Their Functional Characterization in Arabidopsis

188 citations , May 2009 in “Plant physiology”

Researchers found 19 genes important for root hair growth in a plant called Arabidopsis.

research Myristoleic Acid Promotes Anagen Signaling by Autophagy through Activating Wnt/β-Catenin and ERK Pathways in Dermal Papilla Cells

8 citations , March 2021 in “Biomolecules & therapeutics”

Myristoleic acid helps hair growth by boosting cell growth and recycling processes in hair follicle cells.

<i>Malva verticillata</i>seed extracts upregulate the Wnt pathway in human dermal papilla cells

research Malva verticillataseed extracts upregulate the Wnt pathway in human dermal papilla cells

25 citations , August 2015 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

Malva verticillata seed extract might help treat hair loss by activating hair growth signals in skin cells.

research Several Selective Protein Kinase C Inhibitors Including Procyanidins Promote Hair Growth

32 citations , January 2000 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology”

Certain substances that block a specific protein help promote hair growth.

Ppp2r2a Knockout Mice Reveal That Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit, PP2A-B55α, Is an Essential Regulator of Neuronal and Epidermal Embryonic Development

research Ppp2r2a Knockout Mice Reveal That Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit, PP2A-B55α, Is an Essential Regulator of Neuronal and Epidermal Embryonic Development

12 citations , June 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

The PP2A-B55α protein is essential for brain and skin development in embryos.

research Protein kinase Akt2/PKBβ is involved in blastomere proliferation of preimplantation mouse embryos

7 citations , September 2019 in “Journal of Cellular Physiology”

Akt2 protein is essential for normal cell division in early mouse embryos.

research Protein kinase C is a key target for attenuation of Leigh syndrome by rapamycin

5 citations , February 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Rapamycin may help treat Leigh syndrome by targeting protein kinase C.

research Significance of the S100A4 Protein in Psoriasis

45 citations , January 2010 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The S100A4 protein is more common in psoriatic skin and could be a target for treating psoriasis.

Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 (RSK1) in a Growth- and Stress-dependent Fashion

research Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 (RSK1) in a Growth- and Stress-dependent Fashion

30 citations , December 2011 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

Keratin 17 is modified by RSK1 in response to growth and stress, affecting skin growth and stress response.

Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

research Purified Vitexin Compound 1 Inhibits UVA-Induced Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Binding Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

3 citations , July 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

Vitexin Compound 1 may help reduce skin aging caused by UVA light.

research Comparative Proteomic Analysis in Scar-Free Skin Regeneration in Acomys cahirinus and Scarring Mus musculus

13 citations , January 2020 in “Scientific Reports”

The African spiny mouse heals skin without scarring due to different protein activity compared to the common house mouse, which heals with scarring.

research Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice

87 citations , January 2019 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research”

Mice studies show that Protein Phosphatase 2A is crucial for cell growth, development, and disease prevention.

research The zinc finger protein 3 of Arabidopsis thaliana regulates vegetative growth and root hair development

January 2024 in “Frontiers in plant science”

The zinc finger protein 3 in Arabidopsis thaliana reduces plant growth and root hair development.

research SbbHLH85, a bHLH Member, Modulates Resilience to Salt Stress By Regulating Root Hair Growth in Sweet Sorghum

March 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

The SbbHLH85 protein helps sweet sorghum grow more root hairs but makes the plant more sensitive to salt.

research Analysis of Dermal Papilla Cell Interactome Using STRING Database to Profile the ex Vivo Hair Growth Inhibition Effect of a Vinca Alkaloid Drug, Colchicine

23 citations , February 2015 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Colchicine can inhibit hair growth by affecting cell activity and protein expression in hair follicles.

research The Metabolism and Control Mechanism of Human Hair Follicles

22 citations , April 2015 in “Current problems in dermatology”

Human hair follicles have a unique metabolism that changes between growth stages and may contribute to baldness.

research Replicative stress, stem cells and aging

70 citations , July 2008 in “Mechanisms of Ageing and Development”

Maintaining DNA health in stem cells is key to preventing aging and tissue breakdown.

Stress-induced c-Jun-dependent Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Activation Dissects the Non-classical VDR Pathway from the Classical VDR Activity

research Stress-induced c-Jun-dependent Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Activation Dissects the Non-classical VDR Pathway from the Classical VDR Activity

31 citations , January 2007 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

Stress activates a special function of the Vitamin D receptor with the help of c-Jun, which can also prevent cell death.

research PKC downregulation upon rapamycin treatment attenuates mitochondrial disease

26 citations , December 2020 in “Nature metabolism”

Rapamycin treatment helps with mitochondrial disease by reducing PKC levels.

research New developments in the molecular treatment of ichthyosis: review of the literature

21 citations , July 2022 in “Orphanet journal of rare diseases”

New treatments for ichthyosis, like protein replacement and gene therapy, show promise and may become standard care.

research Cell death in the skin

120 citations , February 2009 in “Apoptosis”

Understanding how cells die in the skin is important for treating skin diseases and preventing hair loss.

research ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX‐LIKE4 (RSL4) promotes root hair elongation by transcriptionally regulating the expression of genes required for cell growth

75 citations , July 2016 in “New phytologist”

The protein RSL4 is crucial for making root hairs longer by controlling genes related to cell growth.

research SIRT 7 activates quiescent hair follicle stem cells to ensure hair growth in mice

38 citations , July 2020 in “EMBO journal”

SIRT7 protein is crucial for starting hair growth in mice.

research CBL1‐CIPK26‐mediated phosphorylation enhances activity of the NADPH oxidase RBOHC, but is dispensable for root hair growth

32 citations , August 2018 in “FEBS letters”

A specific protein complex increases the activity of a plant enzyme, but this action is not required for plant root hair growth.

research CXXC5: A novel regulator and coordinator of TGF-β, BMP and Wnt signaling

28 citations , November 2018 in “Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine”

CXXC5 is a protein that controls cell growth and healing processes, and changes in its activity can lead to diseases like cancer and hair loss.

Platelet-derived growth factor regulates the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes in a differentiation-stage-specific manner

research Platelet-derived growth factor regulates the proliferation and differentiation of human melanocytes in a differentiation-stage-specific manner

10 citations , September 2016 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

PDGF-BB helps young melanocytes grow but stops mature ones from growing, and it makes melanocytes more specialized.