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Glossary Peptides

short chains of amino acids essential for biological functions

Peptides are short chains of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including signaling between cells, immune responses, and tissue repair. In the context of hair and skin care, peptides can stimulate collagen production and promote hair growth by signaling cells to perform specific functions.

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research Human Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III: Molecular Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of the cDNA, Properties of the Recombinant Enzyme, and Immunohistochemical Localization in Human Skin

124 citations , November 2000 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study found that human peptidylarginine deiminase type III is the predominant isoform in hair follicles and may modulate structural proteins during hair and hair follicle formation.

research Stress exposure modulates peptidergic innervation and degranulates mast cells in murine skin

115 citations , November 2004 in “Brain Behavior and Immunity”

This study found that stress increases the number of peptidergic nerve fibers and mast cell activity in mouse skin, suggesting a significant neuro-immune interaction under stress.

research Peptidylarginine Deiminase Isoforms Are Differentially Expressed in the Anagen Hair Follicles and Other Human Skin Appendages

71 citations , June 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study demonstrates that PAD1 and PAD3 are involved in hair follicle differentiation, while PAD1 and PAD2 may play a role in the physiology of sweat glands and arrector pili muscles.

research Crafting Polymeric and Peptidic Hydrogels for Improved Wound Healing

68 citations , March 2019 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials”

This review assesses the benefits and limitations of various supramolecular hydrogels, including polymeric and peptide-based types, for wound healing, but reports no new clinical results.

research Cosmeceuticals: peptides, proteins, and growth factors

67 citations , May 2016 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

This study describes commonly used peptides, proteins, and growth factors in cosmeceuticals and discusses their potential benefits in dermatology, though their long-term effects remain unconfirmed.

research Deimination and Peptidylarginine Deiminases in Skin Physiology and Diseases

57 citations , January 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review discusses the role of peptidylarginine deiminases in skin homeostasis and diseases, particularly in keratinocyte differentiation and hair disorders, but presents no new experimental findings.

research Hollow polydopamine nanoparticles loading with peptide RL-QN15: a new pro-regenerative therapeutic agent for skin wounds

47 citations , October 2021 in “Journal of Nanobiotechnology”

This study found that hollow polydopamine nanoparticles enhanced the regenerative potency of the peptide RL-QN15, suggesting potential for improved therapeutic approaches in skin wound healing.

research Design of a RADA16-based self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold for biomedical applications

39 citations , April 2019 in “Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition”

This review discusses recent research and applications of RADA16 and RADA16-based peptide scaffolds in biomedicine, including their roles in tissue repair and drug delivery, but reports no new clinical results.

research Self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffolds support stem cell-based hair follicle regeneration

38 citations , June 2016 in “Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine”

In this study, the RADA-PRG hydrogel enhanced SKP proliferation, survival, and gene expression, effectively supporting hair follicle regeneration in mice.

research Identification of a preferred substrate peptide for transglutaminase 3 and detection of in situ activity in skin and hair follicles

35 citations , July 2010 in “The FEBS journal”

In this study, researchers identified a highly reactive, isozyme-specific sequence for TGase 3, contributing to understanding its distinct functional role and activity distribution in the mouse epidermis.

research Culture and Differentiation of Human Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells in a Soft 3D Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffold

29 citations , April 2020 in “Biomolecules”

The study suggests that a 3D culture system using the RAD16-I peptide scaffold can help restore the original phenotype of hair follicle dermal papilla cells and support their osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation.

research Biotechnology of functional proteins and peptides for hair cosmetic formulations

16 citations , October 2021 in “Trends in biotechnology”

This review discusses the potential of protein-based cosmetics, including keratin-based particles and fusion proteins, to improve hair properties such as strength and shape, but it reports no new clinical results.

research Antiaging Activity of Peptide Identified from Fermented Trapa Japonica Fruit Extract in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

14 citations , January 2020 in “Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine”

This study found that a newly synthesized peptide from fermented Trapa japonica extract significantly promoted wound recovery and showed antiaging effects in skin cells and a clinical study, suggesting potential as a cosmetic product.

research Effect of a peptide in cosmetic formulations for hair volume control

14 citations , July 2017 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

This study found that Caucasian hair experienced greater volume changes than Asian hair in various relative humidity conditions, and incorporating a peptide into climate control formulations significantly reduced hair volume, particularly in high humidity settings.

research Molecular modeling of hair keratin/peptide complex: Using MM‐PBSA calculations to describe experimental binding results

14 citations , January 2012 in “Proteins”

This study's molecular dynamics simulations suggest that electrostatic interactions mainly stabilize peptide binding to human hair keratin, with the protein's dielectric constant significantly affecting free energy calculations.

research Computer-Aided Designing Peptide Inhibitors of Human Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D2 Synthase Combined Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

9 citations , August 2023 in “Molecules”

This study found that the peptides RMYYY and VMYMI displayed stronger binding energy and more frequent interactions with HPGDS compared to the native inhibitor, suggesting potential as future therapeutic drugs.

research [Peptidergic innervation in the sinus hair follicles of several mammalian species].

7 citations , October 1992 in “PubMed”

This study investigated peptidergic nerve fibers in sinus hair follicles of various mammals and found that CGRP fibers were more densely distributed than SP fibers across different regions of the follicles.

Amino Acids, Peptides, And Proteins In Cosmetic Science

research Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

5 citations , January 2017 in “Elsevier eBooks”

This review focuses on the roles of amino acids, peptides, and proteins in cosmetics, highlighting their importance in skin health and their potential for development in personal care products due to their unique properties and biocompatibility.

research A Nutritional Supplement Formulated with Peptides, Lipids, Collagen and Hyaluronic Acid Optimizes Key Aspects of Physical Appearance in Nails, Hair and Skin

5 citations , January 2012 in “Journal of nutrition & food sciences”

This study found that a nutritional supplement containing peptides, lipids, hyaluronic acid, and collagen improved skin, hair, and nail dryness, with significant benefits noted for those with severe symptoms.

research Synthesis and biological evaluation of dimeric peptide derivatives as proliferation‐stimulating agents in human follicle dermal papilla cells

3 citations , September 2021 in “Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society”

In this study, dimeric peptide derivatives were shown to enhance the proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells in vitro, particularly promoting the ERK1/2 pathway, suggesting potential for developing peptide-based treatments for hair regeneration.

Immunocytochemical Localization of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III, Trichohyalin, and Deiminated Trichohyalin in Infant Rat Dorsal Skin Hair Follicle

research Immunocytochemical Localization of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type III, Trichohyalin and Deiminated Trichohyalin in Infant Rat Dorsal Skin Hair Follicle

2 citations , January 2001 in “Biomedical Research”

This study found that peptidylarginine deiminase type III and trichohyalin are coincidentally expressed in the infant rat hair follicle, but trichohyalin deimination occurs after their expression during development.

research HLA‐B alleles associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia in Brazil may share similar peptide presentation and T‐cell interaction profiles

1 citations , February 2024 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Certain genetic factors may contribute to frontal fibrosing alopecia in Brazil.

research NAC1 directs CEP1-CEP3 peptidase expression and modulates root hair growth in Arabidopsis

1 citations , March 2023 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

This study found that AtCEPs in Arabidopsis thaliana play a role in controlling root hair growth by processing EXT proteins, with NAC1 acting to regulate their expression and influence elongation.

Comparative Analysis of Various Hair Peptide Serums in Managing Telogen Effluvium in Females: Efficacy, Safety, and Patient Satisfaction

research Comparative analysis of various hair peptide serums in managing telogen effluvium in females: Efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction

March 2025 in “Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery”

In this study, three different hair serums were tested for their impact on Telogen effluvium in adult females, finding all effective in reducing hair shedding, with the cytokine-based serum showing the most significant improvement, reducing hair fall by 54.6% without adverse effects.

research Reversing Time with Peptides: Mechanisms, Classifications, and Innovations in Anti-aging Interventions

May 2026 in “Commagene Journal of Biology”

This review found that anti-aging peptides show promise in cosmeceuticals due to their targeted actions to rejuvenate skin, but challenges like peptide stability, penetration, and limited clinical data limit their current effectiveness.

research Safety and Efficacy of an Oral Nutraceutical Supplement Gummy and Peptide Serum in Promoting Hair Growth: Initial Results of A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial with an Open Label Extension

May 2026 in “SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine”

This study suggests that a proprietary nutraceutical supplement gummy and peptide serum regimen may be safe and effective for improving hair growth and density in females with pattern hair loss.

research Overview of Short Peptides for Hair Loss

April 2026 in “Biomedicines”

This review highlights advancements in peptide-based treatments for hair loss, outlining their potential benefits and limitations, and suggests that combining peptide formulations with nanosystems may overcome existing challenges in hair regrowth therapies according to this source.

research Peptide-Based PROTACs: Transitioning from Static Paradigm to a Dynamic Landscape within Targeted Protein Degradation

March 2026 in “Bioconjugate Chemistry”

This review highlights the potential of peptide-based PROTACs (pPROTACs) in expanding the target range of protein degraders beyond small-molecule limitations, particularly for undruggable proteins, by utilizing advances in design, conjugation, and bioPROTAC technology.

research Peptide-Based Approaches for Pain Relief and Healing in Wounds

January 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review suggests that topically applied peptides may offer a promising alternative for managing pain in chronic wounds, with additional potential benefits of anti-inflammatory and regenerative activities, but acknowledges the challenges of delivering these peptides across damaged skin barriers.

research Current Insight of Peptide-Based Hydrogels for Chronic Wound Healing Applications: A Concise Review

January 2025 in “Pharmaceuticals”

This review discusses the potential of peptide-based hydrogels as biomaterials for treating chronic wounds and reports no new clinical findings.