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Glossary Keratin Intermediate Filaments

structural proteins in cells providing support and resilience

Keratin Intermediate Filaments (KIFs) are structural proteins found in epithelial cells, including those in the skin, hair, and nails. They provide mechanical support and resilience, helping cells withstand stress and maintain their shape. KIFs are a type of intermediate filament, which are part of the cytoskeleton, a network that supports cell structure and function.

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research Self-consistent field theory for the interactions between keratin intermediate filaments

12 citations , September 2013 in “BMC Biophysics”

This study developed a model showing that keratin elasticity in skin may be influenced by electrostatic and bridging interactions between keratin filaments, contingent on the balance of charges in the surrounding medium.

research Carbon-13 n.m.r. studies of keratin intermediate filament of human hair

5 citations , February 1998 in “Polymer”

Human hair keratin has a 40% α-helix structure that changes to a random coil in 8 M urea.

research The Intermediate Filament Architecture as Determined by X-Ray Diffraction Modeling of Hard α-Keratin

66 citations , June 2004 in “Biophysical Journal”

Hard α-keratin in hair has a unique, nonordered structure, different from other fibers.

research Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and evolutionary conservation of the hair type II keratin intermediate filament gene family

65 citations , February 1992 in “Development”

This study characterizes a type II keratin intermediate filament gene family involved in early sheep follicle differentiation, detailing gene expression patterns and sequences in hair cortical cells.

research Complete sequence of a hair-like intermediate filament type II keratin gene

15 citations , January 1993 in “DNA sequence”

This study sequenced a related gene to KRT2.9 called KRT2.13, which encodes a type II keratin protein not expressed in the hair follicle, and found significant sequence homology suggesting possible gene conversion or conservation of functional sequences.

research Three-dimensional modelling of interchain sequence similarities and differences in the coiled-coil segments of keratin intermediate filament heterodimers highlight features important in assembly

13 citations , November 2007 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Keratin heterodimers are preferred for their specific and structural advantages.

research Direct evidence supporting the existence of a helical dislocation in protofilament packing in the intermediate filaments of oxidized trichocyte keratin

3 citations , September 2018 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Oxidized trichocyte keratin has a helical dislocation in its structure.

research In Vitro Assembly and Structure of Trichocyte Keratin Intermediate Filaments

91 citations , December 2000 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

This study reports that expressed mouse type Ia and type IIa trichocyte keratins were successfully assembled into intermediate filaments in vitro, while also suggesting that disulfide bond cross linking enhances their stability.

research In vivo formation steps of the hard α-keratin intermediate filament along a hair follicle: Evidence for structural polymorphism

22 citations , January 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Hair follicles form hard α-keratin filaments in four steps, showing structural differences.

research Sequence analyses of Type I and Type II chains in human hair and epithelial keratin intermediate filaments: Promiscuous obligate heterodimers, Type II template for molecule formation and a rationale for heterodimer formation

19 citations , December 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Type I and Type II keratin chains can form heterodimers despite sequence differences.

research Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Trichocyte (Hard α-Keratin) Intermediate Filaments Reveals a Low-Density Core

48 citations , January 2002 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

This study reports that trichocyte intermediate filaments from rat vibrissae and human hair follicles may contain a hollow region at their core, suggesting unique structural properties.

research Regulation of hard α-keratin mechanics via control of intermediate filament hydration: matrix squeeze revisited

30 citations , November 2012 in “Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences”

This study found that the keratin matrix in mammalian hard α-keratins is crucial for maintaining stiffness in water by controlling intermediate filament hydration.

research The Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE), Which Is Defective in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy Patients, Is Expressed in Human Epidermal and Follicular Keratinocytes and Associates With the Intermediate Filament Protein Cytokeratin 17

24 citations , February 2011 in “The American journal of pathology”

This study found that AIRE, a usually nuclear protein, is expressed in the cytoplasm of human epidermal and follicular keratinocytes and associates with the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin 17, potentially impacting ectodermal abnormalities in APECED syndrome.

research The Molecular Architecture for the Intermediate Filaments of Hardα-Keratin Based on the Superlattice Data Obtained from a Study of Mammals Using Synchrotron Fibre Diffraction

7 citations , January 2011 in “Biochemistry Research International”

This study confirms that the proposed universal model for hard α-keratin structure applies to all known forms across various mammalian species.

research Types I and II Keratin Intermediate Filaments

211 citations , April 2018 in “Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology”

Keratins are crucial for cell structure, growth, and disease risk.

research Regulation of a hair follicle keratin intermediate filament gene promoter

39 citations , December 1998 in “Journal of Cell Science”

This study found that the LEF-1 binding site acts as an enhancer element for the wool keratin intermediate filament gene promoter in hair follicle cortex, with specificity regulated by additional factors.

research Expression of the Intermediate Filament Keratin Gene,K15,in the Basal Cell Layers of Epithelia and the Hair Follicle

46 citations , November 1998 in “Experimental Cell Research”

This study found that K15 is variably expressed in sheep and mouse hair follicles, with specific patterns suggesting a role in the early stages of keratinocyte differentiation.

research Expression patterns of keratin intermediate filament and keratin associated protein genes in wool follicles

95 citations , March 2009 in “Differentiation”

Gene expression in wool follicles changes with growth cycles, offering insights into wool and human hair growth.

research Mutations in the helix termination motif of mouse type I IRS keratin genes impair the assembly of keratin intermediate filament

27 citations , November 2007 in “Genomics”

This study found that mutations in type I IRS keratin genes disrupt keratin protein complexes in mice, suggesting crucial roles for these genes in proper hair coat formation.

research Structural Hierarchy of Trichocyte Keratin Intermediate Filaments

15 citations , January 2018 in “Advances in experimental medicine and biology”

This review discusses recent advances in understanding the structural hierarchy of trichocyte keratins, including their heterodimeric structure and distinct conformations impacting hair growth, with no new experimental results reported.

research Annotation of sheep keratin intermediate filament genes and their patterns of expression

83 citations , May 2011 in “Experimental Dermatology”

In this study, researchers identified nine new sheep keratin genes, highlighting species-specific differences in the expression and compartmentalization of wool-related keratin genes compared to humans.

research Structural changes in trichocyte keratin intermediate filaments during keratinization

23 citations , April 2003 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Keratin structure changes during keratinization, but the exact model remains uncertain.

research ‘Hard’ and ‘soft’ principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments

686 citations , February 2002 in “Current Opinion in Cell Biology”

Keratin filaments are crucial for cell structure and protection, with ongoing discoveries about their genes and functions.

research The expanding significance of keratin intermediate filaments in normal and diseased epithelia

186 citations , December 2012 in “Current opinion in cell biology”

This review discusses the recent advancements in understanding how keratins influence cytoarchitecture, cell dynamics, and disease processes but reports no new clinical results; the authors highlight its roles in development and diseases like cancer.

research Keratin intermediate filaments in the colon: guardians of epithelial homeostasis

38 citations , November 2020 in “International journal of biochemistry & cell biology”

This review discusses the biological roles and diagnostic significance of keratins in mammalian colon epithelial cells and reports no new clinical results.

research Giant axonal neuropathy alters the structure of keratin intermediate filaments in human hair

8 citations , April 2017 in “Journal of The Royal Society Interface”

This study found that keratin intermediate filaments in the hair of GAN patients are altered, showing decreased diffraction signals and increased stiffness, strength, and extensibility.

PH Dependence of the Coiled-Coil Structure of Keratin Intermediate Filament in Human Hair by 13C NMR Spectroscopy and the Mechanism of Its Disruption

research pH Dependence of the Coiled-Coil Structure of Keratin Intermediate Filament in Human Hair by 13C NMR Spectroscopy and the Mechanism of Its Disruption

7 citations , February 1998 in “Polymer journal”

This study found that the stability of the coiled-coil structure in human hair keratin is maintained by ion-pairing and hydrophobic interactions, which are disrupted as pH approaches 7.0.

research Apoptosis and keratin intermediate filaments

180 citations , April 2002 in “Cell Death and Differentiation”

research Supplementary material from "Giant axonal neuropathy alters the structure of keratin intermediate filaments in human hair"

January 2017

This study found that keratin intermediate filaments in the hair of patients with giant axonal neuropathy were structurally altered, resulting in hair that was stiffer, stronger, and more extensible.

research Structure and Mechanical Properties of Human Trichocyte Keratin Intermediate Filament Protein

51 citations , September 2012 in “Biomacromolecules”

This study found that disulfide bonds in keratin increase its strength and toughness, with some loss of α-helical structure under load, highlighting their role in trichocyte α-keratin's mechanical properties.