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Glossary Structural Proteins

Structural proteins are essential components of hair follicles and play a critical role in the formation and maintenance of hair. These proteins, such as keratin, provide strength, resilience, and shape to hair strands, influencing their overall health and appearance. In the context of hair loss, abnormalities or deficiencies in structural proteins can lead to weakened hair, increased shedding, and impaired growth, making them a key focus in understanding hair biology and potential treatments for hair loss.

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research Locations of synthesis of hair structural proteins in human anagen follicles

7 citations , April 1996 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

This study found that intermediate filaments and matrix proteins in presumptive hair shaft cells are synthesized sequentially, identifying a new polypeptide component that changes during hair cell differentiation.

research Characterization of Human KAP24.1, A Cuticular Hair Keratin-Associated Protein with Unusual Amino-Acid Composition and Repeat Structure

51 citations , January 2007 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified a novel keratin-associated protein, KAP24.1, which is specifically expressed in the human scalp and located in the hair cuticle.

research Structural behavior of keratin-associated protein 8.1 in human hair as revealed by a monoclonal antibody

3 citations , August 2018 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

KAP8.1 protein is crucial for hair structure and interacts with keratin 85.

research Insights into structural and proteomic alterations related to pH‐induced changes and protein deamidation in hair

November 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

In this study, varying pH levels from 3 to 12 were found to impact hair structure and proteins, with optimal hair health observed between pH 5 and pH 7, while extreme acidic or alkaline conditions notably affected hair morphology and proteome.

research Structure and hair follicle-specific expression of genes encoding the rat high sulfur protein B2 family

12 citations , February 1998 in “Gene”

This study identified two high sulfur protein genes, B2E and B2F, in rats, which are expressed in hair cortical cells during anagen and contribute to hair fiber production.

research Raman Microspectroscopy of Hair Cuticle With Polarized Excitation: Problem of Protein Secondary and Tertiary Structure

January 2025 in “Journal of Raman Spectroscopy”

This study observed that the Raman spectra of human hair cuticle vary with polarization and direction of signal collection, identifying certain spectral bands as markers sensitive to the structural changes in keratin secondary and tertiary structures.

research Study on the skin structure, hair follicle cycle, and GSDMA protein expression in Ganxi goats

1 citations , September 2025 in “Frontiers in Veterinary Science”

This study observed structural and molecular changes in Ganxi goat skin that adapt to hot and humid climates and suggested that GSDMA might play a role in hair follicle regulation and skin homeostasis, though further research is needed to confirm its function in environmental adaptation.

research Structure and expression of genes for a class of cysteine-rich proteins of the cuticle layers of differentiating wool and hair follicles.

67 citations , December 1990 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

This study identified two evolutionarily conserved ultra-high-sulfur keratin proteins in human and sheep hair follicles, which are specifically expressed in the hair cuticle during the late stages of fiber development.

research An investigation of the association between structural proteins and lipids with scalp hair curvature

January 2025 in “Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town)”

This study found that lipids are highly correlated with hair curvature while proteins are not, reporting the largest number of hair lipids and identifying novel proteins and chaperones relating to different hair types for the first time.

research Human hair keratin-associated proteins: Sequence regularities and structural implications

52 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

This study identified two key pentapeptide quasi-repeats in human keratin-associated proteins, which are similar to motifs found in sheep wool.

Proteomic Tools for the Investigation of Human Hair Structural Proteins and Evidence of Weakness Sites on Hair Keratin Coil Segments

research Proteomic tools for the investigation of human hair structural proteins and evidence of weakness sites on hair keratin coil segments

38 citations , October 2011 in “Analytical biochemistry”

This study used proteomic techniques to analyze human hair proteins, revealing keratin heterogeneity and identifying posttranslational modifications, such as cysteine trioxidation and methylation.

research Effect of thermal treatments on the structural change and the hemostatic property of hair extracted proteins

8 citations , March 2020 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces”

This study suggests that extracting hair proteins at relatively high temperatures may enhance their hemostatic properties by altering their secondary structure and increasing the precipitation of soluble fibrinogen.

research The role of keratin proteins and their genes in the growth, structure and properties of hair

228 citations , January 1997 in “Birkhäuser Basel eBooks”

This article integrates existing literature on hair follicle structure and formation at the cellular and molecular level, reporting no new findings.

research Structural change of keratin protein in human hair by permanent waving treatment

70 citations , June 1998 in “Polymer”

This study found that permanent waving treatment partially disrupts the α-helical structure in human hair microfibrils, primarily during the initial reduction phase, rather than just affecting disulphide bonds.

research Molecular modeling and structural characterization of a high glycine–tyrosine hair keratin associated protein

16 citations , January 2017 in “Physical chemistry chemical physics/PCCP. Physical chemistry chemical physics”

This study presents computational modeling and experimental analysis of the HGT protein KAP8.1, identifying key structural features that may influence hair's response to environmental conditions.

research Keratin is not only a Structural Protein in Hair: Keratin-mediated Hair Growth

November 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

In a mouse model, this study found that intradermal keratin injection stimulated hair growth and suggested its potential use for treating hair loss by promoting hair regeneration.

research Trichohyalin: A structural protein of hair, tongue, nail, and epidermis

27 citations , July 1993 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

research Physiological roles of hair structural protein: a possible application of keratin-associated proteins to new hair growing ingredient

December 2007 in “FJ. Fragrance journal”

Carbonylation of Hair Proteins: A Robust Biomarker of Molecular and Structural Oxidative Damage in Hair Fibers

research Carbonylation of hair proteins: A robust biomarker of molecular and structural oxidative damage in hair fibres

February 2025 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

This research studied European human hair, finding that cysteic acid and protein carbonylation increased with both chemical and photochemical oxidation. Protein carbonylation was highlighted as a more sensitive marker for photochemical oxidation, providing better in situ visualization of hair damage than cysteic acid.

research Skin Appendage Proteins of Tetrapods: Building Blocks of Claws, Feathers, Hair and Other Cornified Epithelial Structures

February 2025 in “Animals”

In this review, researchers examined the molecular diversity and expression patterns of major skin appendage proteins, like keratins and EDC proteins, in tetrapods, highlighting recent findings in reptiles and birds and identifying knowledge gaps for future research.

research Protein chains in hair and epidermal keratin IF: Structural features and spatial arrangements

5 citations , January 1997 in “Birkhäuser Basel eBooks”

research Identification of Novel Mutations in Basic Hair Keratins hHb1 and hHb6 in Monilethrix: Implications for Protein Structure and Clinical Phenotype

62 citations , October 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

New mutations in hair keratin genes can change hair structure and cause monilethrix, with nail issues more common in certain gene mutations.

research The swelling behaviour of hair studied through the structural change of keratin protein during the permanent waving treatment

November 2024 in “Biophysical Chemistry”

This study analyzed the swelling behavior of human hair during permanent waving treatment, finding that both the microstructure and macrostructure of intermediate filaments swell simultaneously at the initial stage, and while partially destructed by reduction, they are considerably restored through oxidation.

research Distinct mutations in human basic hair keratins 1 and 6 cause monilethrix: Implications for protein structure and clinical phenotype

January 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

research Polymorphisms in the Human High Sulfur Hair Keratin-associated Protein 1, KAP1, Gene Family

48 citations , November 2002 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

In this study, researchers found that size polymorphisms in certain hKAP1 genes are linked to the hKAP1.1B and hKAP1.3 genes, arising from intragenic deletions and duplications in Japanese and Caucasian populations.

Hair Keratin Associated Proteins: Characterization of a Second High Sulfur KAP Gene Domain on Human Chromosome 21 in Fond Memory of Dr. Peter Steinert

research Hair Keratin Associated Proteins: Characterization of a Second High Sulfur KAP Gene Domain on Human Chromosome 2111In fond memory of Dr Peter Steinert.

62 citations , January 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified 16 novel high sulfur KAP genes and two KAP pseudogenes on chromosome 21q23, showing expression in a specific region of the hair fiber cuticle.

research Human KAP Genes, Only the Half of it? Extensive Size Polymorphisms in Hair Keratin-Associated Protein Genes

53 citations , June 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This article reviews extensive genetic polymorphisms in the keratin-associated proteins of human hair, indicating complexity but reporting no new clinical results and calls for further research on their potential impact on hair structure.

research Size Polymorphisms in the Human Ultrahigh Sulfur Hair Keratin-Associated Protein 4, KAP4, Gene Family

27 citations , June 2005 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified numerous size polymorphisms in the human ultrahigh sulfur KAP4 genes due to intragenic sequence variations, suggesting these polymorphisms may have arisen through deletions and duplications during evolution.

research Rational design of keratin nanoparticles utilizing diverse hair protein fractions for controlled drug release

November 2023 in “Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers”

Scientists made nanoparticles from human hair proteins to improve drug delivery.

research The structure of human trichohyalin : potential multiple roles as a functional ef-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

2 citations , January 1993

This study found that human trichohyalin has a unique protein sequence potentially contributing to at least three important functions in hair follicle and epidermal cells.