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Glossary Cornified Envelope

tough, protective layer in the outermost skin part

The cornified envelope is a tough, protective layer found in the outermost part of the skin, known as the stratum corneum. It is composed of cross-linked proteins and lipids, providing a barrier against environmental damage, pathogens, and water loss. This structure is crucial for maintaining skin integrity and function.

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research The structure of human trichohyalin. Potential multiple roles as a functional EF-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

161 citations , June 1993 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

This study suggests that human trichohyalin may function as a flexible rod linking keratin intermediate filaments and as a scaffold protein in hair follicle and epidermis cell envelopes.

research Biochemical Evidence That Small Proline-rich Proteins and Trichohyalin Function in Epithelia by Modulation of the Biomechanical Properties of Their Cornified Cell Envelopes

99 citations , May 1998 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study found that small proline-rich proteins modify the biomechanical properties of cornified cell envelopes in rodent forestomachs, potentially affecting the tissue's ability to withstand mechanical stress.

research Epithelial barrier function: assembly and structural features of the cornified cell envelope

425 citations , August 2002 in “BioEssays”

This review discusses the structure and assembly of the cornified cell envelope in stratified squamous epithelial cells and various disorders leading to barrier defects, but reports no new findings.

research The structure of human trichohyalin : potential multiple roles as a functional ef-hand-like calcium-binding protein, a cornified cell envelope precursor, and an intermediate filament-associated (cross-linking) protein

2 citations , January 1993

This study found that human trichohyalin has a unique protein sequence potentially contributing to at least three important functions in hair follicle and epidermal cells.

research [Difference between the hair follicle cell and epidermal keratinocyte in vitro].

February 1990 in “PubMed”

This study suggests that human hair follicle cells and epidermal keratinocytes differ in their degree of keratinization and other characteristics when cultured on mixed collagen membranes.

research Formation of the cornified envelope

3 citations , September 2005 in “Experimental dermatology”

This review discusses the formation and structure of the cornified cell envelope in the epidermis, highlighting biochemical pathways and genetic factors, but presents no new experimental results.

research Evidence for Novel Functions of the Keratin Tail Emerging from a Mutation Causing Ichthyosis Hystrix

130 citations , April 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study reports the first keratin gene mutation affecting the tail domain, leading to a unique cytoskeletal abnormality and severe epidermal hyperkeratosis, highlighting the tail domain's critical role in keratin organization.

research Transglutaminase 5 Expression in Human Hair Follicle

28 citations , August 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

TG5 helps maintain hair follicle health, while TG3 aids in hair shaft development.

research Epidermal differentiation: The role of proteases and their inhibitors

118 citations , January 2004 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

Balanced protease activity is crucial for healthy skin and hair development.

research Trichohyalin Mechanically Strengthens the Hair Follicle

108 citations , October 2003 in “Journal of biological chemistry/The Journal of biological chemistry”

This study documents that trichohyalin acts as a multi-functional cross-bridging protein in the inner root sheath of mouse hair follicles, enhancing mechanical strength by linking keratin filaments to the cell envelope.

All Roads Lead to the Nucleus: Integration of Signaling, Transcription Factor-Mediated, and Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Skin Development and Regeneration

research All Roads Go to the Nucleus: Integration of Signaling/Transcription Factor-Mediated and Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in the Control of Skin Development and Regeneration

January 2018 in “Stem cell biology and regenerative medicine”

This review discusses the interplay between signaling/transcription factor-mediated and epigenetic mechanisms in skin development and regeneration, highlighting the need for further exploration of epigenome reorganization in these processes.

Lysine Carboxymethyl Cysteinate Protects the Epidermis from UVB-Induced Barrier Damage Through the Activation of Autophagy

research Lysine Carboxymethyl Cysteinate (LCC) Protects the Epidermis from UVB-Induced Barrier Damage Through the Activation of Autophagy

April 2026 in “Biology”

This study found that lysine carboxymethyl cysteinate helps protect the epidermis from UVB-induced damage by activating autophagy and restoring cornification processes in a skin model.

research Novel insights into hair structure and the effects of chemical stressors on hair and skin using label-free advanced light microscopy

January 2017 in “Durham e-Theses (Durham University)”

This study developed new label-free imaging methods to analyze human hair, identifying distinct chemical environments within cuticle layers and changes in hair structure caused by depilatories, while showing that the treatments tested did not significantly affect skin cell differentiation or proliferation.

research Loss of keratin 10 is accompanied by increased sebocyte proliferation and differentiation

36 citations , January 2004 in “European journal of cell biology”

This study found that in mice, deleting the keratin 10 gene enhances sebocyte differentiation and increases secretion of sebum and certain lipids without affecting proliferation-associated keratins.

research The effects of minoxidil on postconfluent human hair follicle cells.

1 citations , January 1989 in “The Nishinihon Journal of Dermatology”

In this study, minoxidil did not demonstrate any anti-aging effects on postconfluent hair follicle cells, as no difference was observed in cell proliferation or differentiation compared to controls.

research Quoi de neuf en recherche dermatologique ?

2 citations , December 2011 in “Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie”

2011 dermatological research found new skin aging markers, hair loss causes, skin defense mechanisms, and potential for new treatments.

Structural and Biochemical Changes Underlying a Keratoderma-Like Phenotype in Mice Lacking Suprabasal AP1 Transcription Factor Function

research Structural and biochemical changes underlying a keratoderma-like phenotype in mice lacking suprabasal AP1 transcription factor function

17 citations , February 2015 in “Cell Death and Disease”

This study found that inhibiting AP1 transcription factor activity in the suprabasal epidermis of mice alters keratinocyte gene expression, reducing barrier integrity and mimicking human keratoderma.

research A keratin scaffold regulates epidermal barrier formation, mitochondrial lipid composition, and activity

98 citations , December 2015 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

In this study, researchers found that the absence of type I or type II keratins in mice leads to severe skin barrier defects, highlighting keratins' crucial role in epidermal structure and function.

research Characterization of sciellin, a precursor to the cornified envelope of human keratinocytes

64 citations , April 1992 in “Differentiation”

This study identified Sciellin, a new protein precursor to the cornified envelope in keratinocytes, with unique solubility properties hinting at its potential role in envelope assembly.

research Involucrin: A Constituent of Cross-Linked Envelopes and Marker of Squamous Maturation

23 citations , January 1986

This review discusses the chemical stability of protein envelopes found in the epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia, but reports no new clinical results.

Histologic Morphology and Involucrin, Filaggrin, and Keratin Expression in Normal Canine Skin from Dogs of Different Breeds and Coat Types

research Histologic morphology and involucrin, filaggrin, and keratin expression in normal canine skin from dogs of different breeds and coat types

15 citations , January 2012 in “Journal of Veterinary Science”

This study examined variations in epidermal thickness and protein expression across different dog breeds, finding significant differences by anatomical site and breed, with associated mRNA and protein expression changes observed.

research Epidermal Differentiation Complex: A Review on Its Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Drug Targets.

39 citations , January 2016 in “PubMed”

This review discusses the role of epidermal differentiation complex genes and epigenetic mechanisms in skin development and certain diseases, emphasizing their potential for improving drug development and delivery systems but provides no new experimental results.

research The Expression of Vitamin D-Upregulated Protein 1 in Skin and its Interaction with Sciellin in Cultured Keratinocytes

18 citations , September 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study suggests that vitamin D-upregulated protein 1 (VDUP1) might play a unique role in regulating the differentiation of epidermal cells.

research Skin transcriptome profiling of Changthangi goats highlights the relevance of genes involved in Pashmina production

22 citations , April 2020 in “Scientific reports”

This study explored gene expression in Changthangi goats and found that higher expression of keratin-related genes and specific signaling pathways may play a role in the development of Pashmina fiber.

research Cellular and Metabolic Basis for the Ichthyotic Phenotype in NIPAL4 (Ichthyin)–Deficient Canines

21 citations , March 2018 in “American Journal Of Pathology”

In this study, it was observed that NIPAL4 mutations linked to autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis lead to abnormal skin barrier function due to cytotoxic effects disrupting lipid structure and organization, which topical treatments only partially ameliorated.

research Histologic Changes in the Skin of Hairless Mice Following Peeling With Salicylic Acid

74 citations , November 2000 in “Archives of Dermatology”

In this study, application of salicylic acid solution on mouse skin showed histologic changes without causing wounds or inflammation, observed immediately and up to 48 hours after treatment.

research Location of keratin-associated proteins in developing fiber cuticle cells using immunoelectron microscopy

10 citations , January 2010 in “International journal of trichology”

This study found that keratin-associated proteins form part of the developing exocuticle and a-layer in hair fiber cuticle cells, while cornified envelope proteins were absent.

research Isolation and Characterization of Human Repetin, a Member of the Fused Gene Family of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex

77 citations , April 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Repetin is a protein involved in skin and hair development, binding calcium and compensating for other proteins when needed.

research Biallelic Variants in Lanosterol Synthase (LSS) Cause Palmoplantar Keratoderma-Congenital Alopecia Syndrome Type 2

8 citations , April 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study identified biallelic variants in the LSS gene as a possible genetic cause of palmoplantar keratoderma-congenital alopecia syndrome type 2, highlighting the role of cholesterol synthesis in skin cornification.

Ultrastructural Immunolocalization of Involucrin in the Medulla and Inner Root Sheath of Human Hair

research Ultrastructural immunolocalization of involucrin in the medulla and inner root sheath of the human hair

7 citations , December 2011 in “Annals of anatomy”

This study found that involucrin likely plays a key role in forming the cornified material of the medulla and inner root sheath of human hair, contributing to its mechanical strength.