3 citations
,
May 2009 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This study investigated the effects of different relaxer treatments on African-American hair, finding lab-made relaxer solutions caused less damage to hair topography than commercial systems.
18 citations
,
August 2009 in “Skin Research and Technology” In this study, optical coherence tomography was used to produce 3D images of human hair, revealing that after chemical treatment with ammonium thioglycolate, the main hair structures were not identifiable due to damage.
2 citations
,
January 2011 This study found that the primary mechanism behind hair relaxation in Afro-hair is the alkali-induced denaturation of helical filaments, leading to spontaneous straightening.
August 2021 in “International Journal of Research in Dermatology” This article reviews various hair straightening methods, discussing their mechanisms and potential effects on hair, but it reports no new clinical results.
May 2022 in “Journal of the Egyptian Women's Dermatologic Society (Print)” This article discusses the clinical features and treatment options for common types of hair loss in women and reports no new clinical results.
1 citations
,
November 2011 in “Dermatologica Sinica” This study found a significant decline in serum zinc levels among women of African descent using hair relaxers and experiencing alopecia, with age at first exposure potentially influencing alopecia development.
August 2005 in “Microscopy and Microanalysis” Polymethylene wax in hair relaxers makes hair smooth and shiny with less damage.
September 2025 in “Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA” This study reported that albino Wistar rats exposed to chemical hair straighteners showed significant hair fiber damage and scalp skin deterioration, which worsened with repeated and prolonged application, highlighting the cytotoxic potential of these products and potential systemic risks.
The researchers in this study observed that while hair chemical use was common among females with SLE, it was not linked to the development of SLE. However, those who used chemical hair straighteners before their SLE diagnosis had a higher risk of developing cutaneous manifestations.
2 citations
,
January 2022 in “Anais brasileiros de dermatologia/Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia” This review discusses the effects of chemical hair straighteners and reports associated side effects like scalp inflammation and hair damage, noting the variability of findings and the need for further research.
73 citations
,
October 2013 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” This review examines the chemical composition and potential health risks of hair straighteners, but it reports no new findings and emphasizes the importance of understanding hair fibre structure for safe use.
This study evaluated the therapeutic response of an Afro-descendant patient with non-scarring alopecia after prolonged use of alkaline straighteners and mechanical traction, highlighting the susceptibility of Afro hair to chemical and mechanical damage due to its structure.
27 citations
,
September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” This article discusses central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, noting its prevalence in women of African descent and highlighting the need for further genetic research to improve treatment options; it reports no new clinical results.
12 citations
,
January 2007 in “Current problems in dermatology” This review discusses the impact of various exogenous agents on hair, such as cosmetics and radiation, but reports no new experimental results.
September 2023 in “Ain Shams medical journal” In this study conducted among secondary school girls in Minia, Upper Egypt, researchers reported a traction alopecia prevalence of 31%, suggesting a significant occurrence of this potentially reversible hair loss due to tight hairstyles.
7 citations
,
April 2011 in “Expert review of dermatology” This article reviews practical approaches for managing dermatologic conditions in patients with skin of color and reports no new clinical findings.
13 citations
,
November 2012 in “International Journal of Dermatology” This study of African-American women found that those perceiving greater hair breakage showed lower break stress and higher premature failure rates, linked to grooming practices and hair curvature.
4 citations
,
January 2021 in “Skin appendage disorders” This review discusses hair straightening techniques, products, and safety risks, providing guidance for dermatologists to advise patients effectively; it reports no new clinical results.
1 citations
,
May 2023 in “Frontiers in medicine” This review explores how hair dyes and perms can damage hair structure and notes that while some adverse outcomes like skin irritation and allergic reactions have been reported, evidence from human studies remains inconsistent regarding potential risks, including cancer.
1 citations
,
January 2017 in “Clinical approaches and procedures in cosmetic dermatology” This chapter reviews the anatomy and structure of hair, discusses hair damage and analyses, and explores methods for processing hair changes, but presents no new research findings.
1 citations
,
March 2005 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Twisting hair weakens it, but strength can be recovered at low twist levels.
March 2005 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” A new method helps understand hair shine and various products improve hair care.
2 citations
,
June 2022 in “Revista de la Asociación Colombiana de Dermatología y Cirugía Dermatológica” This review discusses cultural hair care practices for African American scalp health and recommends combining clinical evaluation with cultural knowledge, but reports no new research findings.
January 2015 in “Springer eBooks” Hair damage shows as fragility, dullness, and discoloration, varies by ethnicity, and is worsened by cosmetic procedures and diseases.
July 2012 in “Springer eBooks” The document concludes that proper diagnosis and treatment of nonscarring alopecias can improve quality of life and hair regrowth is possible as the hair follicle remains intact.
13 citations
,
June 2021 in “Carcinogenesis” In this study, frequent use of hair straighteners/relaxers and pressing products was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, with potential variation in risk by tumor type noted for permanent hair dyes.
3 citations
,
June 2008 in “Springer eBooks” Hair care products clean, protect, style, color, and change hair structure.
2 citations
,
January 2016 in “Springer briefs in molecular science” This chapter describes various natural sources that can be used as hair conditioners, along with their chemical properties, but reports no new research findings.
53 citations
,
July 2016 in “Cosmetics” This study reviews the biology and cosmetic treatment of hair, emphasizing future advancements in safer, more effective procedures to meet consumer needs for hair care.
3 citations
,
January 2002 in “Springer eBooks” This study found that using cationic and non-ionic polymers during alkaline hair relaxer treatments may help strengthen hair and control swelling, potentially reducing damage.