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In this study, tresses treated with pH 1.0 acid straightener showed better straightening but more damage to hair properties compared to those treated with pH 2.0.

This study found that glyoxylic acid caused more protein loss in hair compared to traditional alkaline straighteners, though both types of treatments showed comparable effects on hair tensile strength.

This study reported that the treatment of hair with glyoxylic acid straighteners causes major conformational changes within the hair fiber due to interactions between carbonyl and keratin components.

This study found that the acidic hair straightening formulation at pH 1.0 improved hair alignments and straightening effectiveness more than pH 2.0, but it weakened fiber strength and affected hair color and composition.

In this case report, a young woman experienced acute kidney injury linked to the use of a hair straightening product containing glyoxylic acid, suggesting dermal absorption may lead to calcium oxalate nephropathy; this highlights the need for regulatory review and public health intervention.

In this study, incorporating a novel amino acid compound into a hair-straightening formulation improved humidity-resistant straightening and enhanced the surface and mechanical properties of hair fibers, including increased bending stiffness, reduced friction, and better shape retention under high temperature and humidity conditions.

This review discusses hair straightening techniques, products, and safety risks, providing guidance for dermatologists to advise patients effectively; it reports no new clinical results.

In this study, formaldehyde hair straighteners significantly damaged curly hair by reducing break stress and break extension, while glyoxylic acid had a milder effect; both treatments increased shear modulus and decreased water sorption.

This study demonstrated that hair relaxers containing common chemicals significantly reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis in human skin cells, suggesting potential toxicity that could be assessed with advanced in vitro technologies rather than animal testing.

This study reported a case of acute kidney injury and toxic contact dermatitis in a 25-year-old woman following exposure to a glyoxylic acid-containing hair straightening product, highlighting glyoxylic acid's potential role in cutaneous and renal complications and underscoring the need for stronger regulation and awareness.

This study suggests an association between glyoxylic acid-containing hair-straightening treatments and acute kidney injury in young women, with urine calcium oxalate crystals observed in some cases, indicating potential nephrotoxicity. Early treatment with thiamine and pyridoxine may mitigate the severity of kidney damage.

This review discusses the effects of chemical hair straighteners and reports associated side effects like scalp inflammation and hair damage, noting the variability of findings and the need for further research.

This study observed that combining hair dyeing with sodium hydroxide relaxers drastically increased protein loss in Caucasian virgin dark brown hair, while ammonium thioglycolate or guanidine hydroxide relaxers caused less damage.

Hair relaxers are linked to reduced cystine levels and potential hair damage.

This study found that using a bicomponent reduction system with TGA and DTDG for hair straightening limited hair damage by forming only thiol groups, while a TGA-only system formed more damaging mixed disulfide groups.

This study found that chemically treated hair, particularly when subjected to both acid straightening and bleaching, experiences more significant structural damage when exposed to heat, highlighting key changes in both the internal and surface components of hair fibers.

This case report details an instance of acute kidney injury associated with increased oxalate levels likely due to systemic absorption of glycolic acid from hair straightening agents, exacerbated by untreated psoriasis.

This study found that the use of high pH chemical agents for hair straightening can cause significant damage to hair, including protein degradation and weakened fiber strength, and may lead to permanent scalp conditions like contact dermatitis and cicatricial alopecia.

This paper reviews various aspects of hair care products, including formulations, regulations, categories, and safety, without reporting new clinical findings.

This study found that adding dithiodiglycolic acid to the hair straightening process decreased chemical damage and preserved the structural integrity of the hair matrix compared to using thioglycolic acid alone.

This study found that treating hair with ATS, formed from fumaric acid and cysteamine, effectively improved hair quality by increasing moisture content and altering the internal structure of strong curls.

This study observed that two patients treated with interferon α-2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C experienced complete and reversible straightening of their natural curly hair, which recurred with treatment resumption.

This article reviews the current practices and interpretations of research data on permanent waving and hair straightening, but does not present any new research findings.

This review examines the science and technology behind temporary and permanent hair straightening, discussing the processes, potential advancements, and considerations for reducing adverse effects, but does not report new research findings.

Hair straightening methods have advanced to improve effectiveness and reduce damage, but still rely on heat and chemicals.

This study found that a single application of 'Lye' or 'No-Lye' chemical straighteners significantly reduced drug concentrations in hair samples from both drug-fortified standards and authentic drug users.

In this study, researchers found that using 0.75% aspartic acid as an intermediate agent for a permanent wave improved wave formation and retention compared to a control in virgin hair, also reducing cuticle damage and maintaining tensile strength.

This study found that a new hair loss lotion containing various cosmetic ingredients significantly increased total hair fibers and anagen hairs in individuals with androgenetic alopecia and telogen effluvium, while also improving visual hair characteristics and receiving positive user feedback without adverse effects.

In this study, researchers found that CCCA in women of African descent is associated with molecular changes, including dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism and fibrosis pathways, suggesting potential targets for new treatments.

This study used molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate the complex molecular behavior of the hair surface F-layer, highlighting how fatty acids interact with 18-MEA under different conditions.