- Is azelaic acid a treatment on its own or does it need supplements? One small randomised trial (26 women, no placebo) found no significant difference between 5% azelaic acid and 2% minoxidil in female pattern hair loss, which is too small to show they work equally well, and the anti-DHT rationale otherwise rests on in-vitro work. Community members generally describe azelaic acid as an add-on to minoxidil or finasteride rather than a standalone treatment.
- How does tofacitinib differ when used orally versus topically in hair loss treatment research? Oral tofacitinib acts on immune signalling throughout the body and has more published regrowth data in alopecia areata (from small studies without placebo groups), alongside an FDA boxed warning; topical tofacitinib aims to act only on the scalp, but the human evidence is a handful of small compounded-formulation studies with no large randomized trial. Neither route is approved for hair loss, and regrowth generally reverses after treatment stops.
Molecule the body uses for energy, used as a cosmetic hair-lotion ingredient
Weak form of estrogen applied to the scalp
Diabetes drug that lowers blood sugar
Prostaglandin eye drop used for glaucoma
Topical androgen-receptor blocker, approved as an acne cream