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This study reported that combining microdialysis and selective follicular closure with varnish significantly reduces caffeine penetration through hair follicles in an ex vivo porcine ear skin model.

In this study using ex vivo porcine ear skin, researchers found that standard nail varnish applied gently creates effective follicular closures, preventing penetration of certain substances like fluorescein sodium salt and caffeine into hair follicles, whereas solvent-free varnish and rapid application techniques were less effective.

In this study, researchers developed thermoresponsive nanogels that effectively penetrate hair follicles and release a model drug when triggered by temperature, demonstrating greater penetration for medium to large nanogels (300–500 nm) compared to smaller ones.

This study suggests that UVA-responsive nanocapsules may provide an effective method for skin antisepsis by releasing ethanol and reducing microorganisms within hair follicles on ex vivo porcine ear skin.

Hair removal methods damage the skin barrier and affect substance penetration.