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In this review, researchers examined the molecular diversity and expression patterns of major skin appendage proteins, like keratins and EDC proteins, in tetrapods, highlighting recent findings in reptiles and birds and identifying knowledge gaps for future research.

This research suggests that hair keratins evolved from claw keratins in a hairless ancestor, with Hoxc13 controlling their expression in tetrapods, evidenced by the knockout of Hoxc13 hindering claw formation in Xenopus tropicalis frogs.

This study reports that KRTAP-like proteins, which resemble keratin-associated proteins found in mammals, are also present in the cornified teeth of various lamprey species, suggesting these proteins may serve similar functions in skin appendages across different vertebrates despite independent evolutionary origins.

This study found that inserting isolated hair follicle units into engineered dermis promoted differentiation and maturation of tissue-engineered skin, maintaining hair follicle morphology and generating skin appendages like sebaceous glands.

This review discusses the interplay between signaling/transcription factor-mediated and epigenetic mechanisms in skin development and regeneration, highlighting the need for further exploration of epigenome reorganization in these processes.