Wound Healing: Cellular Mechanisms and Pathological Outcomes

The document reviewed the cellular mechanisms involved in wound healing, emphasizing the complex process divided into four phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. It highlighted the roles of various cells, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and immune cells, in these processes and discussed how dysregulation could lead to pathological outcomes like chronic wounds or excessive scarring. Chronic wounds, particularly in diabetic and elderly populations, were characterized by persistent inflammation, immune cell dysfunction, and impaired cellular behaviors, posing a significant socioeconomic burden. The review underscored the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop better therapeutic strategies, including novel treatments like nanoparticles, cold atmospheric plasma, and senolytic drugs, to improve wound healing and prevent pathological outcomes. Advances in wound models and diagnostic tools were also discussed, highlighting the potential for personalized medicine approaches.