Progress of Ursolic Acid on the Regulation of Macrophage: Summary and Prospect

Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural compound that significantly influences macrophage function, crucial for immune responses and inflammation. It modulates macrophage polarization, enhances autophagy, and affects cytokine release, showing potential in treating conditions like cancer, inflammation, metabolic diseases, liver fibrosis, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. UA promotes beneficial macrophage activity, reduces oxidative stress, and facilitates wound and hair follicle regeneration. However, its clinical application is limited by poor bioavailability, and it may increase proinflammatory mediators, potentially promoting skin tumors. Further research is needed to enhance UA's therapeutic use and understand its mechanisms and limitations.