Mucocutaneous Manifestations of Endocrine Disorders

The document from 2014 reviews the skin-related symptoms (mucocutaneous manifestations) of endocrine disorders, including acanthosis nigricans, acne, alopecia, café-au-lait macules (CALMS), mucocutaneous neuromas, necrolytic migratory erythema (NME), neurofibromas, and vitiligo. Acanthosis nigricans is linked to insulin resistance and can indicate gastrointestinal cancers, with treatments focusing on managing blood sugar and insulin levels. Acne, often worsened by hormonal imbalances, has various treatments ranging from topical agents to hormone therapy. Androgenic alopecia, related to androgen levels, and alopecia areata, an autoimmune condition, are both types of hair loss with treatments including surgery, antiandrogens, and nonhormonal therapy for the former, and glucocorticoid supplements for the latter. CALMS are hyperpigmented spots associated with genetic syndromes, treated with laser therapy. Mucocutaneous neuromas are benign tumors linked to genetic conditions, treated surgically. NME, associated with glucagonoma syndrome, is treated with somatostatin analogs, zinc, and surgery. Neurofibromas, benign tumors related to neurofibromatosis, are treated with surgery. Vitiligo, a depigmentation disorder, is treated with sun protection, drugs, and repigmentation techniques. The document includes illustrations but lacks specific study sizes or strength of evidence.