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    Influence of Massage and Occlusion on the Ex Vivo Skin Penetration of Rigid Liposomes and Invasomes

    November 2013 in “ European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics ”
    Sindy Trauer, Heike Richter, Judith Kuntsche … Alexa Patzelt
    Studysummary This study found that massaging the skin significantly increases follicular penetration of liposomes in an ex vivo setting, while occlusion only enhanced penetration for rigid liposomes.
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    Research cited in this study 5

    1. Liposomal Systems as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Dermal and Transdermal Applications Archives of Dermatological Research · 2011
    2. Selective Follicular Targeting by Modification of the Particle Sizes Journal of Controlled Release · 2011
    3. Liposomes in Dermatology Today JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · 2009
    4. Determination of the Cuticle Thickness of Human and Porcine Hairs and Their Potential Influence on the Penetration of Nanoparticles into the Hair Follicles Journal of Biomedical Optics · 2009
    5. Variations of Hair Follicle Size and Distribution in Different Body Sites Journal of Investigative Dermatology · 2004