Hormonal Status of Male Reproductive System: Androgens and Estrogens in the Testis and Epididymis. In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches.

The article reviewed the roles of androgens and estrogens in the testes and epididymis of humans, rodents, and equines, focusing on both physiological and pathological conditions. It highlighted testosterone as the primary androgen produced by Leydig cells, with its metabolites, such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol, playing significant roles in male reproductive function. The study emphasized the importance of androgen and estrogen receptors in mediating hormonal actions and discussed the effects of finasteride treatment and lead-induced oxidative stress on the epididymis. Additionally, it explored changes in enzymatic activity, steroid hormone receptor distribution, hormone levels, and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in male reproductive tissues.