Hormonal Status of Male Reproductive System: Androgens and Estrogens in the Testis and Epididymis. In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches.

This article summarized research on the roles of androgens and estrogens in the testes and epididymides of humans, rodents, and equines under both normal and pathological conditions. It highlighted testosterone as the primary androgen produced by Leydig cells, with its metabolites, such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol, playing significant roles in amplifying testosterone's effects. The study emphasized the importance of androgen and estrogen receptors in male reproductive tissues and discussed the impact of aromatase and estrogen receptors in mediating estrogen action. Additionally, it explored the role of DHT in regulating the epididymis, noting changes due to finasteride treatment and lead-induced oxidative stress. The research also examined alterations in enzymatic activity, steroid hormone receptor distribution, hormone levels, and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in male reproductive function.