Formulation Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Glycerosomes Containing Minoxidil for Topical Application

The study developed glycerosomes containing minoxidil for topical application to improve drug delivery for androgenetic alopecia. Nine formulations were tested, with F1 being optimized, showing a particle size of 120.63 nm and an entrapment efficiency of 89.58%. The drug release lasted up to 13 hours, following zero-order and non-fickian diffusion mechanisms. The formulation with 40% glycerol was most effective and was incorporated into an HPMC K100 M gel, enhancing topical absorption. The in vitro evaluation confirmed the potential for controlled drug release and improved skin penetration, making it promising for treating alopecia.