TLDR The nanoemulsion with garlic oil, apple cider vinegar, and minoxidil could effectively treat alopecia areata.
The study developed and optimized a nanoemulsion containing garlic oil (GO), apple cider vinegar (APCV), and minoxidil (MX) to treat alopecia areata. The optimal formulation, with 0.180% GO, 0.500% Smix, and 0.320% APCV, had a droplet size of 110 nm, MX steady-state flux (Jss) of 3 μg/cm²/h, and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.275 μg/mL against Propionibacterium acnes. The nanoemulsion showed enhanced stability and significantly improved MX skin permeation (2.12-fold increase) compared to aqueous dispersion, following the Korsmeyer–Peppas model of super case II transport. These results suggest that the MX-GO-APCV nanoemulsion could effectively enhance MX delivery and its therapeutic effects for alopecia areata.
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