Anatomical and Dermatologic Manifestations of Estrogen Deficiency in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review

    December 2025 in “ Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences ”
    Anjum Mahmood, Saloni Shah, Naimat Ullah, Rahmat Ullah Jan, M Jan, Motasim Billah
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    TLDR Estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women can cause skin and hair issues, but local estrogen therapies help improve vaginal health.
    This systematic review of 18 studies explores the effects of estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women, focusing on anatomical and dermatologic changes. It finds that estrogen deficiency can cause vaginal atrophy, xerosis, pruritus, dermatoses, nail fragility, and female-pattern hair loss. Local estrogen therapies, such as low-dose vaginal estradiol, are effective in improving vaginal health with minimal systemic absorption. However, device-based treatments like fractional CO₂ laser and radiofrequency are still under investigation and need larger controlled trials for validation.
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