TLDR Hair and nails are skin parts that develop early and serve protective and functional roles.
This chapter discussed the development and types of hair and the function of nails, both of which are modified epidermal cells classified as skin appendages. Human hair structures form between 9 weeks and 4 months after conception, starting from the head and progressing down the body. Hair is categorized into terminal and vellus types, with vellus hair transitioning to terminal hair during puberty. Nails, composed of tough keratin, grow from the epidermis of the toes and fingers, providing protection, aiding in grasping fine objects, and enhancing the strength of fingers and toes.
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January 1990 in “Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan” Permanent wave lotion can extract proteins from hair, especially when pH is higher, and repeated treatments or bleaching can damage hair.
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November 1969 in “Journal of Ultrastructure Research” Macrophages help break down collagen around hair follicles during hair growth.
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November 1965 in “Textile research journal” Papain and bisulfite break down human hair by dissolving parts of it.
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June 2013 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Intense pulsed light treatment mainly damages pigmented hair parts but spares stem cells, allowing hair to regrow.
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May 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Intermediate hair follicles are a better model for studying hair growth and testing hair loss treatments.
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July 2008 in “British Journal of Dermatology” 138 citations
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March 2007 in “Experimental cell research” Only a few hair-specific keratins are linked to inherited hair disorders.
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January 2005 in “International review of cytology” More research is needed to understand how hair keratins work and their role in hair disorders.
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January 2004 in “The International Journal of Developmental Biology” Hair follicle growth and development are controlled by specific genes and molecular signals.
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April 2003 in “Experimental dermatology” Human hair follicles grown in vitro maintain normal keratin patterns and structure.