TLDR Testosterone replacement therapy, especially intramuscular, raises PSA levels, but no overall link between PSA and testosterone was found except in non-BPH patients.
This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the association between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone, as well as the effects of various types of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on PSA levels. The study included 22 articles for the analysis of TRT effects and 18 studies for the association between PSA and testosterone. Results indicated that TRT, particularly intramuscular (IM) TRT, significantly increased PSA levels compared to placebo. However, oral and topical TRT did not show significant changes. No overall correlation was found between PSA and testosterone, but a significant correlation was observed in patients without benign prostate hyperplasia (non-BPH). These findings suggested the potential of PSA as a surrogate marker for testosterone.
124 citations
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July 2012 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” Targeting androgen receptors could be a promising way to treat skin disorders with fewer side effects.
43 citations
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November 1975 in “Archives of Dermatology” Testosterone affects hair loss, acne, and excessive hair growth, and antiandrogens can help treat these conditions.
74 citations
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November 1975 in “Archives of dermatology” Increased DHT formation in skin can cause hair loss, acne, and excessive hair growth, and antiandrogens might treat these conditions.
December 2024 in “Frontiers in Neurology” Testosterone with finasteride improved muscle and bone health in men with spinal cord injury.
7 citations
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May 2012 in “International Journal of Andrology” The new oral testosterone pill normalized testosterone levels and lowered SHBG in men with low testosterone.
23 citations
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August 2005 in “Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy” New treatments for low male hormones improved sexual function and mood but had unclear risks, especially for older men.
21 citations
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November 2014 in “Journal of Endocrinological Investigation” Cross-sex hormone therapy is important for managing gender dysphoria and requires careful monitoring and healthcare provider education.
506 citations
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March 2005 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Testosterone therapy improves physical function, strength, and body composition in older men with low testosterone levels.
