2 citations
,
August 2020 in “Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” This study found that rubbing increased caffeine permeation into skin primarily via hair follicles, especially when applied against the natural hair direction.
2 citations
,
January 2016 This study found that nanoemulsions containing oleic acid or eucalyptol significantly enhanced the skin penetration of caffeine and naproxen compared to aqueous solutions, primarily by increasing solute diffusivity in the stratum corneum.
39 citations
,
January 2013 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” This article reviews the potential of nanoparticles for drug delivery through the skin barrier and highlights the need for further research on solid nanoparticles, as they lack commercial development for this purpose.
12 citations
,
March 2012 in “ATLA. Alternatives to laboratory animals” This study found that caffeine and flufenamic acid penetrated porcine skin more effectively through hair follicles, while the importance of the follicular pathway varied for other substances tested.
13 citations
,
June 2016 in “Dermatologic Therapy” This study found that minoxidil applied to a damp scalp may increase drug penetration in vitro, potentially improving treatment effectiveness.